Leiper’s Model of Tourism
Neil Leiper, an Australian academic, introduced the Leiper model, which is acknowledged to be a very successful paradigm in tourist studies. Leiper’s model is widely recognized as a crucial tool for comprehending the tourist industry as a system. Tourism was formerly thought to be a solitary sector (Leiper, 2008). However, later found that it is a tremendously complicated enterprise that cannot be regarded as such. a single thing This sector must be viewed as a whole to be regarded holistically. This paradigm aids academics in comprehending the linkages between various disciplines. Amidst the bigger parts of the tourist industry, the several additional discrete elements, such as Tourists, tourist-generating regions, transport networks, tourist attraction zones, and tourism sectors make up the entirety of tourism systems. The elements fall under the Four component. A tourism system consists of four components, human component, industrial component, environmental components, and geographical components. as well as their interactions (Leiper, 2004). The entire tourist approach will facilitate understanding tourism. WTS is enormous because each itinerary path pursued by one or more visitors is an open platform, and its concepts and implementations acknowledge those facts. A closed-loop system is something that does not sense the environment. Simulations of entire travel networks can be used to look at tourism activity in a thorough and structured approach. According to Leiper, this approach should have a view of the real whole tourist system (WTS) to give a manner of considering the entire range of tourist industry. Similarly, the entire travel system focuses on and promotes the tourist industry to suit the needs of tourists. As a result, the goal of this article is to explain and analyze the entire tourist system.
1. Human Component.
A Tourist
1. Industrial component.
A Tourism Industry.
B Transportation.
C Accommodation.
D Tourist attraction industry
1. Geographical Component.
The Generating Region
- Transit Route Region
- The Destination Region
- Environmental component.
The visitors that travel to a tourist attraction of their choice are the human component indicated in the model. A tourist is someone who travels from their home to some other location for a limited period to spend his vacation. The Human Element is the traveler that travels to a location of their own choice (Tourism System, 2022).
[ Tourist capturing the moment at Taj Mahal of India (Singh, 2022)]
Travelers, as per Leiper, are persons who journey away from home to some other location for a small period, at least 24 hours, and whose behavior includes a quest for life experiences through encounters with elements or qualities of the locations they explore(Hall and Page, 2010). Leiper added. There could be no tourism without passengers (Leiper, 2004)”. Vacationers participate in various tourism activities depending on needs, such as leisure, enjoyment, business, training, wellness, religious tourism, as well as heritage. There are different types of tourists such as leisure tourists, enjoyment tourists, corporate tourists, learning tourists, health tourists, pilgrims tourists, and ethnic tourists. The principles of the tourist industry are traceable back to Ancient Greece’s beginnings, akin to a circular, Tourism indicates a major element of travel and return to the starting place, and it is built on the inspirational drive that visitors conduct their journey to a specific destination. A visitor is someone, who travels across his home to some other location for a limited period to spend his time.
Components of Leiper’s Model
The industrial component becomes the next major component in Leiper’s paradigm. Companies and organizations that advertise tourist industry products are referred to as the industry component (Flynn and ThemeCountry, 2022). These firms rely on meeting the needs expectations and desires of visitors.
[The image demonstrates tourism comprises different products and services (Singh, 2022) ]
The tourism sector is the next key element in Leiper’s paradigm. Businesses and organizations that market tourist industry items are referred to as the industrial component (Leiper, Braithwaite, and Witsel, 2008). These businesses thrive on meeting the needs expectations and desires of tourists. They pass on information. Travelers with a wide array of goods and services, including sights, lodging, and transportation (Leiper, Braithwaite, and Witsel, 2008). The sole entity, as well as all of the tourist company’s industrial components, performs Hospitality as a whole, one company cannot operate without other constituent elements of the Tourism Industry. Such businesses can be found in a variety of locations, many of which are in the visitor area and others which are in the given destination. For example: In the traveler region, travel agencies and tour companies assist in the planning of transportation for visitors. They participate in advertising to entice tourists to visit a specific location.
[ transportation is a connection between both the arrival and departure of tourists. (Vector, 2022)]
Among the most important Element of tourism, the model involves transportation. The connection between the transportation and tourist process is essential since it has a substantial effect on the travel industry. It obliterates an individual’s body, culture, and Economical growth (Tourism Transportation – Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Various Modes of Transport, 2022). It bypasses actual distance restrictions and satisfies people’s requirements for mobility across distance. It is between both the arrival and departure of tourists. The humanistic approach is facilitated by a variety of modes of transportation at both the home and abroad. Lots of travelers are carried to their locations securely, promptly, and luxuriously at a fair cost. Indeed, transportation and its supporting equipment have greatly aided global mobility. Travelers pass through different phases. To begin, travel between the site of generation as well as the destination region. Second, to move from different places (in the scenario where tourists visit many locations), and third, to transit inside a location.
[ Hotels for tourists is an important element of accommodation (Nomadicmatt, 2022)]
People who travel to other locations need a room to live, relax, bed, and chill, which is why the hospitality sector is so important to the tourist sector (Musa, Mohezar Ali, and Moghavvemi, 2016). In General, according to several interpretations, a visitor is defined as someone who stays longer than 24 hours and stays in some type of accommodation facility. There are several diverse elements inside this division, spanning from the hotel sector to campsites, dormitories, and ships. This comprises hotels, B&B inns, lodges, resorts, guesthouses, and similar establishments. The lodging varies in terms of facilities (good hotel or luxury), place (downtown area or airports hotels), and others.
Interactions between Components
[Tourist attraction industry Attracts tourists (Travelcarma, 2022)]
The tourist adventures sector includes the attraction sector, which consists of tourism experiences that provide visitors with a higher level of satisfaction. Environment, culture, history, historic sites, ecology, coastlines, festivals, weather, and snowfall are just a few examples that draw travelers in the direction of the major tourist Attraction area specific to each location. (Farrell and Twining-Ward, 2004).
The geographical component refers to a tourism-related specific region. Travelers leave from a specific location – their starting point – and use a specific mode of transportation. Using the geographic corridor to reach a geographical area – the point of arrival time (Tourism System, 2022).
[ Push aspect of TGR (Travelling banner flat illustration. Business travel concept, 2022)]
The Tourism Generating Region is the location at which travel begins and concludes. It is his primary house, out of which he travels for the journey and returns once the journey is completed. This also refers to the trip’s starting point and also the regional demand area (Leiper, 2008). The “Push” aspects refer to the geographical setting related to behavioral or psychological patterns. ‘Push’ forces are ethereal wants or impulses that arise in a man’s head. These would be affected by the person’s own societal, mental, and economic factors. The purchasing power combined with the accessible recreational time plays a critical role in the visitor region’s economic push forces. Aside from the elements listed above in the tourist-generating zone, factors such as booking services, travel companies, travel agencies, and advertising and sales activity in the exit lane all play an important role as drive elements.
[ The route that connects the visitor regions and the tourism destinations zones (k, 2022)]
The tourist’s transit route is the pathway through the territory that either he or she takes to get to their location. It is also the route that connects the visitor regions and the tourism destinations zones, and it is traveled by vacationers (Gallarza, Arteaga, and Gil-Saura, 2019). When travelers travel long distances, they must make a halt known as a pit stop. Route of public transportation the transit route comprises layover places that could be used for a variety of purposes.
The traveler’s comfort or the availability of several activities throughout the area. Visitors can go along a pathway that is open to them. Travelers can switch flights or take a break for refueling on the transit pathway. The starting point of the journey from the originating zone and the finishing point of the journey from the destinations zone may vary. The commuting route might well be intersected by several forms of transport, such as air, train, or bus. Water travel, commercial vehicles, or a mix of these modes of transportation are all options. suited to the tourist’s requirements, As a result, the transition path zone is critical in the travel industry.
[ Major tourist place is the cores aspect of tourism (Greatnesia, 2022) ]
The Tourist Destination Region is the location where travelers like to go when on vacation. It is the place that draws travelers to come for a short time. The major tourist place is the core aspect of tourism because it is the location that the visitor selects to go to and upon which the tourism industry is built. Visitors are drawn to tour packages on the free market. This involves a series of scenic beauty, cultural sites, and different amusements, as well as lodging, infrastructure, service, amenities, comfort, and privacy at the visiting location (Leiper, Stear, Hing and Firth, 2008).
Conclusion
Eventually, the tourists will be attracted. Presently, specific interest travel items accessible in the target region are in great supply due to new-age tourists. The primary factors that draw visitors to TDR are the subjective features that are missing or deficient in the traveler originating zone but present in the tourist spot area. The place possesses the characteristics that tourists expect, retaining loyal visitors from the originating regions
The Environmental Factor
The environmental component that encompasses the various geographic zones is the final part of Leiper’s tourism proposed system. Tourism is an independent loop that communicates with the outside world. The environment refers to the variables that influence tourists and conversely (Flynn and Theme Country, 2022).
1. Political factors
2. Economic Aspects
3. Cultural/Social Factors
4. Factors of Technology
5. Environmental Factors
6. Legal Factors
Conclusion
The core elements of the tourist industry are indeed the tourist-generating region, transit area, and tourism destination province. All elements are inextricably linked to one another. Visitors are the main attraction in a visitor area. Without visitors, the industry cannot materialize and they are expected to migrate from their originating geographical location through the transition area, which comprises of ways as well transportation providers to the destination region. Several push variables are important in the producing zone, including the commonplace surroundings, curiosity, self-evaluation, relaxing, pride, family ties, human engagement, per capita spending, discretionary income, and free time. Likewise, there are groups of pull factors that draw the visitors like the natural wonders, historical attractiveness, and other amusement aspects, housing, amenities, activities, utilities, security, and protection afforded in the target place. The efficient transportation region is used by outgoing tourists from the originating area to go to the destination area. Following their journey, they return to their starting point by the same or a separate route. The tourism industry enterprises or organizations that advertise travel products that are appropriate for tourists make up the industrial element. The prevalent social-economic economic, financial, geopolitical, scientific, regulatory, and ecological variables have a favorable or negative effect on the human element, topographical component, and industry element. As a result, Leiper’s tourism system demonstrates how the tourist industry is an active process with interrelationships between domestic and exterior components. As a result, travel can be beneficial. Through a uniform way, the information was efficiently absorbed.
List of References
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