Telehealth Services in Healthcare
In the current aspects information technologies has simplified the regular life of the humans by providing various types of services. Currently the information technology services are utilized in the various of areas which includes the healthcare section also (Lloyd 2017). In the area of healthcare the information technology has played a crucial role to provide advanced healthcare services to the patients. In this aspect one of the important services that is provided by the information technology in the healthcare services is the Telehealth services. The Telehealth is actually considered as distribution of the healthcare related services and important information regarding it through an electronic type of medium using the telecommunication related technologies (Papanagnou, Sicks and Hollander 2015). The services of the Telehealth technology is very much crucial for the patients as it assists the patients of long distances to get the healthcare related services without actually visiting directly to the clinic itself (Totten et al. 2016). Through the Telehealth services the patients will be easily able to get the clinical care, advice, contact, monitoring, interventions and remote admissions. The implementation of the Telehealth is important for the rural areas where transportation and mobility is not good and there is lack of funding and staffs. Due to this reasons the Telehealth actually plays an important role within the healthcare services.
In this paper a research proposal will be produced on the services of Telehealth. Telehealth plays an important role in the healthcare organizations and this paper aims to provide a brief an idea why the Telehealth should be an integral part of the healthcare services. In this paper first research questions will be developed regarding research which will be conducted throughout this paper. This research question will be answering purpose of the research. Following that conceptual framework for the research will be discussed within this report. In the following section the main literature for the research will be discussed within this research proposal. In the following section of this report literature of this study will be provided which is currently relevant with the research. This literature will also justify and explain the directions of the research. The main methodologies that will be used for the research will be discussed within this paper. Significance of the research and the limitations and delimitations for this research will be discussed in the further section of this research. Some ethical issues which are related with the research will be also discussed within this research report.
Research Proposal
In this section of the proposal the research questions will be developed. These research question will be answering why this research is important in the healthcare sections. These research questions are the some specific type of questions which research is currently aiming to answer (Jenset, Klette and Hammerness 2017). In the aspects of research choosing a proper type of research question is very much important for performing both types of qualitative and quantitative type of research. For execution of the research the developed research questions plays a crucial role as the collection of the data and the methodology for the research dependent largely on these research questions. Forming a proper type of research question is very much important for performing a research which is also important for this research on the Telehealth services (Jann and Hinz 2016). For this research, to develop the research questions it is very much important to determine what type of study will be conducted which includes both of the quantitative and qualitative type of data.
For the research, the research question has always remained a crucial part. Before proceeding with the research it is quite important to refine the research questions for successful execution of the project. Here, the research questions need to be focused in a specific area for a creating a greater impact over the research. The research questions are considered as the first active step for the research question that has been initiated in this context. For a project, hypothesis of the project is very much crucial and as without the hypothesis it will be unknown that how to perform a particular type of study. Without having a proper type of research question development of a research hypothesis is impossible and for this reason the research questions are very much important for successful execution and completion of a project (Hall et al. 2018). The research questions also develops the base of where the research is going and for this reason also, development of proper type of research question is so much important in this context. If the foundation of the research is developed on something which tends to shift frequently, every following that foundation will become about correcting the initial issues instead of preparing a proper type of research project. Thus, the research questions must be developed with a greater concern respective of the project.
In this context of the research there are mainly two types of research questions which are the general research question and the specific research question. In the following section both of the general question and the specific question for the Telehealth research is demonstrated.
Research Questions
- Is adoption of Telehealth really beneficial for all types of patients?
Specific Research Question:
- How much effective the Telehealth services is for the patients who requires critical care in the rural areas?
- Is it really possible to implement high quality services like Telehealth in the rural areas?
- Is the services of Telehealth are really cost effective for the peoples who are living in the rural areas?
The conceptual framework for a research can be considered as analytical type of tool which is consisting several type of contexts and variations. The conceptual framework is applicable in different types of work categories in which section the overall picture is required (Gummer and Mandinach 2015). The conceptual framework are mainly utilized for making conceptual type of distinctions and for organization of all the ideas. Strong type of conceptual frameworks is capable of capturing something real and in this it becomes very much easy to remember and apply. The conceptual frameworks are quite useful for organization of the devices within the empirical type of researches. The conceptual frameworks are the abstract type of representation which are connected with the project goal of the research (Fronczek, Rouhana and Kitchin 2018). The conceptual framework helps to direct the analysis and collection of the data regarding a research. The conceptual framework can be also considered as understanding of the researcher on how particular variables of the understanding of the researcher is able to connect with each other. Thus, the conceptual framework is important for the identification of the variables which are crucial for the research investigation. In a simple way the conceptual framework can be considered as the map of the researcher for perusing the investigation process of the research. In the following section the conceptual framework for the research is demonstrated.
From the above conceptual framework it can be seen that there are total five factors which are currently affecting the conceptual framework of adoption of the Telehealth in the healthcare services. From the conceptual framework it can be seen that technology is one of the main factor which is currently affecting the adoption of the Telehealth service (Stewart et al. 2017). Thus, the research will be done on the current technological perspective for the adoption of the Telehealth services. In this aspect it has been assessed that technological safety is capable of hindering the ICT adoption of the organization, which will be ultimately affecting the adoption of the Telehealth in the healthcare related services. Here, proper technological system need to be developed for the adoption of Telehealth services.
Organization is also important in this conceptual framework for the Telehealth adoption. The main aim of a healthcare organization is providing medical related services to the peoples who are currently requiring it. Currently, if the organizations aims to decide provide functionality to the peoples of rural areas who cannot access it easily then the adoption of Telehealth will become eventually common. Thus, decision of the organization also plays an important role for the Telehealth services adoption.
Conceptual Framework
Environment is also important in this context. If there is lack of proper environment then adoption of the Telehealth services will eventually become more critical. Thus, it is important to create a proper environment for the adoption of the Telehealth services (Lafta et al. 2018). Here both of the organizations and the users of this system are responsible for creating the environment of Telehealth adoption.
The scope of innovation is capable of providing various of forms to the Telehealth services which is including online consultations, telemedicine for the primary type of care etc. This innovations in the Telehealth is also capable of increasing the rate of adoption of the Telehealth in different types of domains. Thus, the innovation is very much crucial in the adoption of the Telehealth services within the rural areas.
Proper knowledge is also important in this context as easy access of the important information to the healthcare professionals, workers and patients is also crucial for the easy adoption of the Telehealth services in the rural districts (List et al. 2019). Proper training of the Telehealth workers are also important so that they become familiar with the overall systems of the Telehealth services. Thus, the main aim of this training program is providing proper knowledge to the workers of Telehealth services. So, as per the conceptual framework proper knowledge is very much important in this context for easy adoption of the Telehealth services.
According to the authors Tuckson, Edmunds and Hodgkins (2017), the term Telehealth can be also interchanged with the Telemedicine is actually defined as utilization of the medical related information that is exchanged from one point to another through an electronic type of communication media. As per the authors the technologies, services and tools regarding telecommunication has become an important part for the overall healthcare services. From the authors it has been assessed that private insurers are increasingly providing reimbursement for the services of Telehealth and it has been evidenced from the National Business Group of Health. As per the authors there is an urgency for the enhancement of Telehealth related services due to the fact that there are numerous numbers of consumers and clinicians from different type of domains. For proper delivery of the Telehealth services there are some key aspects which includes leadership of the physicians, reimbursement, liability, licensure, privacy and security, human factors, and performance measurement. In this context it has been assessed that clinicians currently deserves to access a complete evidence body regarding the Telehealth services as they need to make important decisions with the patients in certain of situations. Thus, these factors can affect the implementation of the Telehealth services.
Literature Review
As per the author Charness et al., (2017), Telehealth services is having the capability of delivering effective type of healthcare services in a more affordable way. As per the authors the results suggests that designing for aesthetics and comfort is capable of facilitating acceptability of all types of age groups for the adoption of Telehealth services. From a remote monitoring study the authors has assessed that older adults with both of the heart related problems and utilized components of the Telehealth services at least 70% of the time in a time period of 6 month interval. From, another study it has been also assessed that 86% of the older adults are willing to use a healthcare portal that is offered by the Telehealth services. Here, proper training is also crucial for underlining the importance and training for the use and adoption of the Telehealth services.
As per the authors Cockcroft and Hendy (2018), Telehealth is capable of promoting a long term health and is capable of improving quality of the life of the peoples who are suffering through some chronic health conditions. The authors has performed a vast interview session to conclude these findings from their researches. The authors has performed researches on three different types of pilot sites for conducting the researches. Organizational data has been explored by the authors in this research for seeking the evidences of successful adoption of the Telehealth services on the organizational levels. The major findings of their research has explored the adoption experience of the Telehealth services for the successful implementation of it.
Considering the importance of the research, all the necessary dimensions for carrying out the research such as, ontology, epistemology and methodology will be followed in this research. There exist different paradigms such as positive, deductive and interpretive, focusing on which all the research are carried out. However, this research will follow the deductive and inductive approach (McCusker and Gunaydin 2015). This particular research will focus on the positivism along with the deductive approach.
Data Collection Method:
Collection of appropriate data is a crucial part in every research. Effective collection of the data provides strong support for undertaking the research on the chosen subject. The process of collecting data for any research is broadly divided into two approaches; which are the collection of primary and secondary data (Irwin 2013). Collection of the primary data for the research can be done by capturing the data by conducting interview or survey. On the other hand, the secondary data comprises the data present in the online sources, government or census data and others. This research for knowing the importance of telehealth adoption, this research will focus on gathering the data by primary approach. The data will be collected by undertaking both the survey and interview. The researcher will undertake a survey for the patients, meanwhile a structured interview will be conducted in order to gather data from the doctors.
Methodology
Research Instruments:
Research instrument implies the process by which the data collection method will be carried out (Sanjari et al. 2014). As this research is going to focus on collecting the primary data by interviewing and surveying, the research instrument here will be the interview and survey questions. Before designing the research questions, it is important for the researcher to ensure about the scope of the research. In addition to that, the questions for interview as well as survey will be made in simple language and format for creating a clear understanding. In this case, the questionnaire for the interview as well as the survey will designing focusing on the impact, importance and necessity of telehealth adoption.
After the collection of necessary data for carrying out the research, it is vital to analyse those collected data. The data analysis is again classified into two approaches, which are quantitative and qualitative approach. The qualitative data analysis is conducted by converting the collected primary data into a numeric format and then into graphs or charts. Meanwhile, the conversion of the secondary data into mathematical or percentage format is identified by the name qualitative data analysis (Ngulube 2015). The data analysis for this research will follow the statistical data analysis approach. Furthermore, as this research is going to follow the primary data collection approach, the data collected from the interview and survey will be converted into a percentage format and then into charts. Converting the data into mathematical or pictorial format by quantitative approach will provide a comprehensive approach.
While carrying out any kind of research, choosing a particular set of individuals from a pool of individuals is identified as sampling (Etikan, Musa and Alkassim 2016). This research will comprise both the probable and non-probable samples. Here, for gathering the data regarding the telehealth adoption, the appropriate samples will be the doctors and the patients as well. However, some of the random samples will also be consider for data collection in order to gather more appropriate data.
In this aspect this research is having quite important significance. The main aim of this research in this context is assessing the adoption of the Telehealth in the rural areas and in the organizational context. In the current context it has been assessed that Telehealth is consisting various of advantages for the patients in the rural areas as the patients of them are not getting proper type of healthcare services due to various of limitations. Thus, it is important to provide proper type of healthcare services to them and using the Telehealth services is one of the perfect way in this case (Kruse et al. 2017). Currently, it has been also assessed that there are several kinds of limitations for the implementations of Telehealth in the rural areas. Thus, by performing research in the context of Telehealth services implementation it will be actually helping in the accelerating the adoption of the Telehealth services in the rural areas. Due to this reason this research is having significance importance in the context of Telehealth adoption. This research will be also helping in the identification of the factors for creating a perfect environment for the implementation of the Telehealth services. With that, from the conceptual framework of the research important technologies that will be helping in the adoption of the Telehealth is also identified from the research. In this way this research will be contributing heavily in the adoption of the Telehealth services in the rural areas which clearly shows the importance of this research.
Significance of Research
Limitations in any research are the occurrences and matters that might arise in the research and hinder the research progress. These factors are out of control of the researcher. Extensive limitation in any research will definitely affect the final outcome or might become the reason of failure of that research. No matter how efficiently the research is undertaken, there always exist some limitation. In this case, the major limitation might occur due to the complicacy in collecting data (Simon and Goes 2013). Some patient might not be open up regarding their health condition and not show any interest towards providing information regarding their treatment process. Additionally, the budget and time provided for undertaking the research might create another limitation. On flip, the delimitations are the factors created from the limitations in the scope of the research or by the conscious inclusionary as well as exclusionary decisions taken during the planning of the particular study. Limitations of a research usually resulted from the implicit characteristics of the methods of the research; meanwhile, the delimitations are generated from the specific choices of the researcher.
Along with appropriate data collection and analysis, it is important for the researcher to ensure that the research will follow all the ethical concerns. This in turn will avoid any kind of legal issues that might hinder the research progress. In order to carry out the research for identifying the importance of telehealth care, the researcher will obey all the ethical approaches. The data collection will be conducted by the voluntary participation of all the respondents. In addition to that, the research paper will not contain any kind of organizational symbols, stamps or logo, so that the future issues can be avoided. Furthermore, for the progress of this research, it is important to collected the health related data or knowing about the health conditions of the respondent (McKee 2013). Therefore, if necessary, the researcher will maintain confidentiality of the respondents. Additionally, no offensive action will be perform for collecting data from participants. The survey along with the interview will be undertaken by not forcing or giving any kind of physical harm to the participants. The designed questionnaire will follow all the ethical concerns. In addition to that, the main focus of the researcher will be on collecting bias free data so that the exact result of the research will be gathered.
References:
Charness, N.H., Boot, W.R., Evans, J., Best, R., Taha, J., Sharit, J. and Czaja, S.J., 2017. CONSTRAINTS ON TELEHEALTH ADOPTION AND USE BY OLDER ADULTS. Innovation in Aging, 1(suppl_1), pp.1026-1026.
Limitations and Delimitations
Cockcroft, S. and Hendy, J., 2018, December. Telehealth adoption: three case studies at the organisational level. In Proceedings of the 29th Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS 2018). Australian Association for Information Systems.
Etikan, I., Musa, S.A. and Alkassim, R.S., 2016. Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), pp.1-4.
Fronczek, A.E., Rouhana, N.A. and Kitchin, J., 2018. Applying King’s Conceptual Framework and Theory of Goal of Attainment: Telehealth Content in Nursing Education.
Gummer, E. and Mandinach, E., 2015. Building a Conceptual Framework for Data Literacy. Teachers College Record, 117(4), p.n4.
Hall, J., Malmberg, L.E., Lindorff, A., Baumann, N. and Sammons, P., 2018. Airbag moderation: the definition and implementation of a new research hypothesis.
Irwin, S., 2013. Qualitative secondary data analysis: Ethics, epistemology and context. Progress in Development Studies, 13(4), pp.295-306.
Jann, B. and Hinz, T., 2016. Research question and design for survey research. The SAGE handbook of survey methodology, pp.105-121.
Jenset, I.S., Klette, K. and Hammerness, K., 2017. Research question.
Kruse, C.S., Krowski, N., Rodriguez, B., Tran, L., Vela, J. and Brooks, M., 2017. Telehealth and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and narrative analysis. BMJ open, 7(8), p.e016242.
Lafta, R., Zhang, J., Tao, X., Zhu, X., Li, H., Chang, L. and Deo, R., 2018. A general extensible learning approach for multi-disease recommendations in a telehealth environment. Pattern Recognition Letters.
List, B.A., Saxon, R., Lehman, D., Frank, C. and Toole, K.P., 2019. Improving Telehealth Knowledge in Nurse Practitioner Training for Rural and Underserved Populations. Journal of Nursing Education, 58(1), pp.57-60.
Lloyd, I.J., 2017. Information technology law. Oxford University Press.
McCusker, K. and Gunaydin, S., 2015. Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research. Perfusion, 30(7), pp.537-542.
McKee, R., 2013. Ethical issues in using social media for health and health care research. Health Policy, 110(2-3), pp.298-301.
Ngulube, P., 2015. Qualitative data analysis and interpretation: systematic search for meaning. Addressing research challenges: making headway for developing researchers, pp.131-156.
Papanagnou, D., Sicks, S. and Hollander, J.E., 2015. Training the next generation of care providers: focus on telehealth. Healthcare Transformation, 1(1), pp.52-63.
Sanjari, M., Bahramnezhad, F., Fomani, F.K., Shoghi, M. and Cheraghi, M.A., 2014. Ethical challenges of researchers in qualitative studies: The necessity to develop a specific guideline. Journal of medical ethics and history of medicine, 7.
Simon, M.K. and Goes, J., 2013. Assumptions, limitations, delimitations, and scope of the study. Retrieved from dissertationrecipes. com.
Stewart, R.W., Orengo-Aguayo, R.E., Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P. and de Arellano, M.A., 2017. A pilot study of trauma-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy delivered via telehealth technology. Child maltreatment, 22(4), pp.324-333.
Totten, A.M., Womack, D.M., Eden, K.B., McDonagh, M.S., Griffin, J.C., Grusing, S. and Hersh, W.R., 2016. Telehealth: mapping the evidence for patient outcomes from systematic reviews.
Tuckson, R.V., Edmunds, M. and Hodgkins, M.L., 2017. Telehealth. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(16), pp.1585-1592.
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