Criteria for the Evaluation of Students
According to the Constitutional convention of individual ministerial responsibility, the ministers of the government are not only responsible for their own actions pub, but they are also responsible for the actions of the department. This situation should not be confused with the collective responsibility of the cabinet under which it has been mentioned that the members of the cabinet are required to publicly approve the collective decisions made by the cabinet or they should resign. The doctrine of ministerial responsibility has to be considered as a part of the concept of responsible government. Hence, this doctrine tries to ensure that the elected officials are motivated for closely examining all the activities of their department.
In practice, this means that decisions taken by the cabinet are binding on all its members. While a minister may disagree in private, they must still publicly support the agreed position. Since David Cameron gave his cabinet freedom to differ over Brexit, there has been a progressive (and very public) weakening of cabinet collective responsibility. For May’s administration to survive, collective unity – alongside confidence and trust – is now needed. Remaining within the cabinet, and publicly speaking out against an agreed direction, weakens unity, causes confusion, and undermines the leadership of the prime minister.
The practical implication of the application of this doctrine is that each member of the cabinet responsible for the actions of their ministry, particularly during the question time of the Parliament. But in the same way, this doctrine also means that in case of corruption or other misbehavior that has been found to have taken place in a ministry, the particular Minister can be held accountable even if the minister claims that he or she did not have any knowledge of these actions. The reason is that under this convention, it is assumed that the minister had approved the hiring and continuous employment of civil servants who are working in their department. The convention extends to claim that it would be expected that the Minister is going to resign in case of misdeed. In the same way, the Minister may also face criminal charges for malfeasance in the course of their watch over the ministry. In return of this accountability, it is available to the government to take credit for any successes of the department, even if the government had nothing to do with that success and the civil servants should not claim any credit for such success. An example of the application of this convention can be given in 2004 when the Secretary of State for Defense, Goeff Hoon was required to explain before the parliamentary sense due to wage a soldier had died in Iraq. The death of the soldier took place because the Ministry of Defense has not supplied adequate number of body armor to the troops who were stationed there. Kennedy example to place in 2007 when Alistair Darling was required to explain the loss of computer disks, which contained the personal details of a large number of people who were receiving Child Benefit.
Constitutional Convention of Individual Ministerial Responsibility
It also needs to be noted in this regard that even if the doctrine of ministerial responsibility is a constitutional convention, there is no formal mechanism present to enforce this convention. Could this means that the present-day ministers frequently rely on the ignorance of misbehavior has an argument that is given for their lack of culpability. Even if this argument is rarely accepted by the opposition parties, said it has been found that the electorate can be more accepting. At the same time, it is also worth mentioning that it is very rare that such cases are brought to trial.
It is worth mentioning in this regard that the Ministerial Code acts as a reference guide related with the conduct of the ministers of the government. Although, it was published in 1992 condo first time, the Code had been updated by various governments and most recently it was done by the Theresa May government in December 2016. It reinforces the Constitutional convention, according to which the Ministers are held responsible to the parliament for the actions and the enforcement of this doctrine has been commonly placed in the hands of the Prime Minister. As a result of this convention, the ministers are required to “retain the confidence of the Prime Minister” and the Prime Minister is the “ultimate judge regarding the standards of behavior that can be expected from the ministers and the appropriate consequences in case of a for a breach of these standards”. If it is alleged that the minister had violated the code, the matter can be referred by the Prime Minister to independent advisor on Ministers interests. However, there are no guidelines regarding what happens next but it had been informed by the report if the Minister retains the confidence of the Prime Minister.
Recently the legal experts have raised questions regarding the soundness of their decision to allow the state to claim and privileges against the people. The debate if the government should disclose its legal advice on Brexit withdrawal agreement has taken a turn of an argument between law and politics. The right available to all clients, known as legal professional privilege has been involved by the government according to which all legal advice received by it should remain confidential. The state of Bexit advice received by the government clearly demonstrates why the scope of privilege of the government is questioned by many lawyers. The circumstances, where the government is denying the British citizens access to the advice received by a regarding the rights and obligations that are going to be legally imposed on Britain if the withdrawal agreement is ratified is also such a case. Therefore if the government is going to rely on a technical legal doctrine for supporting its argument, it also needs to be aware of the fact that the right to waive the privilege is also available to the government. And similarly the government is free to disclose the advised due to any reason. Therefore the question arises, what is preventing the government from doing so? There are many experts who believed that the legal advice received by the government needs to be disclosed under exceptional circumstances which the present case is clearly.
Practical Implication of the Doctrine of Ministerial Responsibility
However there is another deeper reason due to which it can be consider that waiving the privilege will not result in any harm to good governance. This is a field where the law has been extended well beyond the principle supporting it. The logic behind the privilege, as it is applicable in case of the citizens is that without the guarantee of absolute confidentiality, they may be reluctant in seeking advice or maybe less candid in telling the whole story to their lawyer. Now this logic needs to be applied to the Brexit withdrawal agreement. The question is, if anyone seriously believes that the government will not take legal advice regarding the legal effect of the agreement if they were of the opinion that the advice may be disclosed later on? It has been frequently claimed by Theresa May that the decisions made by her on Brexit are only motivated by national interests. Even the most vocal critics of the Prime Minister acknowledge her sense of duty when it comes to public interest. But now it is required by the same public interest that the government should take legal advice regarding such a significant legal decision and it is the legal duty of the lawyers to provide fearless and frank advice to the State
It is also worth mentioning that in this regard, is simply no risk that a similar “chilling effect” that may be suffered by a person while deciding if to get advice or not will be present in this case. And even if there is a possibility of such a chilling effect, the fact that the governments do change means that a privilege is not going to avoid the problem. It is possible that a future government or subsequent leader of the same government is not going to waive the privilege in the advice. In this way, simply stated, no person in the government can be completely assured of confidentiality in the legal advice that has been received by them on behalf of the government. However, this does not mean to deny that confidentiality plays a significant role in the efficient working of the state. But the limits of the principle need to be, and have been set in the freedom of information laws. Similarly, there should be no doubt for anyone regarding the need for a privilege available to all the persons who are involved in litigation and these include the governments. But when it is claimed by the government that a significant principle is at stake in asserting privilege against the nation is untenable. This is all the more so when the elected representatives of the nation have passed a parliamentary motion, which calls for the disclosure of such advice.
References
A Buijze, The Six Faces of Transparency [2013] Utrecht Law Review 9(3)
Prat, ‘The More Closely we are Watched, the Better we Behave?’, in C Hood, D Heald (eds.), Transparency: the Key to Better Government? (Oxford University Press, 2006)
Prat, ‘The More Closely we are Watched, the Better we Behave?’, in C Hood, D Heald (eds.), Transparency: the Key to Better Government? (Oxford University Press, 2006)
MP Maduro,We the Court -The European Court of Justice and the European Economic Constitution(Hart Publishing, 1998)
SE Dudleya, K Wegrich, The role of transparency in regulatory governance: comparing US and EU regulatory systems [2016] Journal of Risk Research, 19(9)
SE Dudleya, K Wegrich, The role of transparency in regulatory governance: comparing US and EU regulatory systems [2016] Journal of Risk Research, 19(9)
Bagehot, The English Constitution (Oxford University Press, re-print 2001), p101
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
