Impact Of Leadership Style On Organisational Performance

Overview of Leadership

Discuss about the Impact of Leadership Style on Organisational Performance.

The current study at hand intends to establish overall scope, definite context along with significance of the research on specific subject matter under consideration by summarizing present understanding regarding background information regarding the topic under consideration, explaining overall purpose of the study presented in the form of problem of research upheld by a hypothesis otherwise a selected set of research question, illustrating concisely definite methodological approach utilized in the study for the examination of the problem of the research, reflecting probable outcomes that the present study can reveal, sketching remaining framework as well as organization of the research paper.

1.  Context of the current research: Background information

Diverse employees can essentially have varied expectations from definite connotation of leadership. As such, the business leaders, society leaders along with political leaders are related to diverse connotations. In itself, the most important matter in this regard is that leaders need to have the capability to exert impact on their own followers ().

As rightly indicated by (), there are essentially three extremely important aspects of procedures of leadership that are elucidated herein below:

• Traits of Leadership, features along with consequential behaviour of leadership:

There are qualities that can augment overall potential of the leaders to carry out roles of leadership and satisfy the specific roles effectually.

• Characteristics and features of different followers as well as members of the group:

Essentially, this indicates towards varied attributes of specifically followers that can exert immense influence on features as well as characteristics of leadership (Shin et al. 2015). Primarily, these features consist of different cultural as well as ethnic backgrounds, attitudes and behaviour of different members of the group, anticipations along with levels of education (Eisenbeiss et al. 2015)

• External along with internal environment that exerts influence on effectiveness of leadership:

In essence, this specific circumstance otherwise situation can be said to be entirely different in various points of time and this is said to alter, that is to say, in war or else in times of peace, in different small or  large sized business enterprises.

As correctly mentioned by Eisenbeiss et al. (2015), effectual communication among these components contributes in the efficiency as well as usefulness of leadership. Fundamentally, the leaders unwilling and at the same time incapable to act in response to this kind of challenges, are more prone to turn into wielders of power for the purpose of maintaining influence as well as power (Birasnav  2014). D’Innocenzo et al. (2016) stated that power signifies overall influence of a specific leader along with probable influence rate. Particularly, in case of business as well as political circumstances, power can be regarded as the possession of particularly resources along with potential for exerting influence on the overall result. Basically, power signifies potential capability of varied leaders to exert impact on the employees, whilst, influence reflects overall capability of different leaders towards communicating the thoughts, garnering support otherwise buy-in from various followers else wise subordinates of specifically these specific notions as well as thoughts (Chen et al. 2014).

Notions on leadership

As rightly indicated by Colbert et al. (2014), specifically the Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services is encountering varied leadership challenges in the context of exerting impact on others to carry out  particular jobs. These can help in achieving organisational objectives as well as goals. Nevertheless, execution of power by different leaders has become reality for particularly current business corporations. Essentially, leaders make use of and obtain power on a regular basis for achieving particular organisational objectives. In particular, utilization of power augments both authorities of varied leaders along with the organisational authority (Bouckenooghe et al. 2015). As suggested by Breevaart et al. (2016), the employees of firms are relatively prone to act in response to three diverse categories of powers and authorities of the organisation, that necessarily include overall dedication and commitment, conformity or else conflict. In the similar way, it can be hereby witnessed that employees working in the Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services have the tendency to defy directives of different leaders. Fundamentally, it might perhaps owing to their anticipation that they embrace to from their leaders.

1. Problem of the research

In itself, it can be hereby mentioned that leadership functional in the Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services is necessarily not acting in response to varied external as well as internal environmental alterations that influence effectiveness of leadership. In essence, this direct the way towards low levels of morale of the members of the staff, inadequacy of the commitment and higher rate of unfilled positions of leadership (Breevaart et al. 2016). As such, the division of Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services is necessarily encountered with the issue of having higher number of junior executives operating in unoccupied positions of leadership in spite of having the requisite training of assuming the positions.

1. Research Aim

The current study intends to examine overall influence of leadership on organizational performance of the entire Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services (also abbreviated as DTPS) operating in Gauteng.

1. Objectives of research

In a bid to accumulate pertinent information as regards research topic under consideration, following objectives of the research can be taken into account:

• To recognize overall perception of employees of subsisting style of leadership style
• To ascertain overall influence of leadership on performance of organisations
• To present suggestions to Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services regarding their styles of leadership for improvement of performance of organisations

1. Questions of Research

The research questions that can be framed for gathering majority of authentic information regarding the current research topic are as mentioned below:

– What are the specific perceptions of employees as regards existing styles of leadership?

-What are the ways in which Department of Telecommunication and Postal Services can augment leadership styles that in turn can enhance overall level of performance of organization?

1. Significance of the current study

The study under deliberation can be considered to be an effectual secondary source for other scholars as well as researchers to undertake additional associated research piece. In essence, findings of the research study can aid the corporation to enhance style of leadership. This can essentially enhance performance level of the organisation (Bottomley et al. 2016). Again, findings of the research can also facilitate in the process of recognizing diverse drivers of organisational performance. In essence, it can aid contemporary business enterprises to assume proactive advances in place of assuming reactive advances for directing higher levels of performance of business enterprises.

The current section on systematic way of analysis of literature recognizes, analyses as well as synthesizes the pertinent literature within a specific field of research. In essence, this illuminates the manner knowledge has transformed within the specific field, throwing light on things that has already been carried out, things that are generally assumed, things that are emerging and things included in the present state of thinking on the current topic under consideration. Furthermore, the within varied research texts, a review of literature recognizes a gap in literature that indicates towards various unexplored otherwise under researched areas of research. In essence, this articulates the way in which a specific research project can address this specific research gap.

As rightly indicated by Engelen et al. (2015), leadership can be considered to be a potential of an individual to establish and attain objectives and outperform objectives of the corporation. In essence, success of the business enterprise can be said to be highly reliant on performance of the business enterprise, effectual commitment of employees and job satisfaction of employees. According to Eisenbeiss et al. (2015), leaders help and at the same time inspire employees to be stiffly competitive by means of effectual style of leadership.

Particularly, over the past decades, different leadership has necessarily become the most explored as well as important notion in businesses as well as industry for directing business accomplishment. In particular, leadership style is not recognized by means of definite behaviour of leaders as well as behaviours. In essence, this has converted into the most effectual components for organizational performance (D’Innocenzo et al. 2016). There are different categories as well as styles of leadership that can have varied influence on performance of business concerns. Therefore, it can essentially be mentioned that firm’s leadership can have influence on performance of employees, and influence performance of business concerns. In essence, the leaders of contemporary business enterprises have the need to comprehend overall intricacies of the swiftly altering business environment in world markets (Akeke 2016). Particularly, cooperative associations between leaders, workforces as well as organized framework of the task often direct the way towards effectual performance of workforce.

As correctly put forward by Breevaart et al. (2016), transformational leadership was in point of fact started during the period 1960 by the proponent James Macgregor Burns. Thereafter, it was designed by particularly Bass as well as Avolio, who necessarily have innovatively transformed the formal notion of specifically leadership. In particular, in present-day researches founded on leadership, particularly transformational leadership can be regarded as the most popular and at the same time regularly sought-after style of leadership among diverse scholars. As mentioned by Breevaart et al. (2016), transformational leaders can in essence develop positive values particularly among varied followers for remarkably directing them especially towards attaining goals as well as objectives of the organisation. In essence, this category of leaders can effectually satisfy comparatively higher order of needs of varied followers for the purpose of imbibing a culture in the specific place of work (Leroy et al. 2018). Fundamentally, this sort of trusting climate of the organisation can necessarily bring about workforce to forgo their self-interest necessarily for the purpose of attainment of the higher level performance of organisation.

As correctly put forward by Bottomley et al. (2016), transformational leaders can essentially inspire the workforce by means of establishing and at the same time communicating clear visions of business concern. However, it is in this manner that this kind of leaders can lead the workforce in a better way that in turn can help in the process of achievement of normal organisational objectives by means of maintenance of proper connection with the employees of business enterprises. In essence, these leaders are supposed to understand specific needs as well as desires of individual employees along with their strengths as well as weaknesses of the workforces (Johl et al. 2015). Therefore, they can inspire the workers and at the same time develop employees towards attaining higher level of performance of the business enterprise.

As mentioned by Boies et al. (2015) the specific Transformational leadership style can again be classified into four different elements:

• Idealised impact: Fundamentally, it is on the whole a compelling aspect of transformational leadership (Birasnav 2014). It is for this basic idealistic factor different leaders are respected, admired and at the same time followed by different followers.
• Rousing Motivation: Birasnav (2014)mentions that according to this specific element, different transformational leaders deliver reinforcement in a positive manner in addition to motivation to diverse followers for outclassing in their own work with marked loyalty along with commitment.
• Intellectual Stimulation: Abdulkadiro?lu et al.(2017) suggests that according to this specific element, transformational leaders stimulate overall efforts of workforces as most imaginative as well as innovative by means of reframing issues, questioning suppositions and advancing old situations in newer ways.
• Individualised Deliberation: As correctly mentioned by Barnes et al.(2013), transformational leaders empathetically identify individual requirements of their subordinate as well as inspire them towards attaining goals of the organisation in the course of satisfying needs of individuals.

As rightly indicated by Barnes et al. (2013), transactional leadership treated as the exchange leadership approach, leaders inspire employees to generate required outcomes by means of illustrating diverse targets that need to be satisfied by the workforces. In essence, transactional leaders can necessarily mention employees regarding diverse ways of attaining targets and illuminating performance evaluation for engaging with specific roles of the job (Chuang et al. 2016). In addition to this, this sort of leaders also delivers responses as well as rewards to hardworking workforces for continuing their diligent work for attaining goals of the organisation.

As rightly put forward by Birasnav (2014), transactional style of leadership reveals leadership behaviours as well as attitudes from three different perspectives. In itself, this specific style of leadership can be necessarily divided into particularly passive as well as active leadership considering contingency reward along with management (Boies et al. 2015).

Contingent Reward:  As correctly put forward by Boies et al. (2015), workforces can be awarded with specific awards for particularly their success of attaining task effectually. Nevertheless, workers can be penalised with the consequence or criticism for lack of attainment of their assignment.

• Contingent Reward: Bottomley et al.(2016) recommend that according to this specific style, the workers will be awarded with particular awards for attainment of success of achieving task effectively. However, the employees will be penalised for non-achievement of their tasks.
• Dynamic Management by-exclusion: According to this specific style of leadership, diverse leaders place individual objectives of employees as well as performance benchmark for leading them in a better way towards attaining their individual aims. Moreover, the leaders can closely monitor advancement of work of different employees that in turn can assist them in their intricacies (Bouckenooghe et al.2015). In essence, in case of any nonconformity as well as errors, it can be hereby rectified immediately and a number of regulations as well as procedures can be reinforced for the purpose of mitigating issues involved in operations.
• Passive Management by-exclusion: According to this specific style of leadership, the leaders can be considered to be inactive observers that can get involved unwillingly in case of any kind of mistakes of employee performance (Breevaart et al.2016).

As rightly put forward by Colbert et al. (2014), organizational performance can be considered to be significant for leading higher level of success. Nevertheless, there is strong debate as regards concerns of conceptual bases as well as terminology for enumeration of performance. In essence, there is no lone dimension of performance that can necessarily illustrate different features. Effectual organizational performance is highly reliant on appropriate transformation of various inputs into desired outputs for attaining important organizational objectives. As suggested by D’Innocenzo et al. (2016), it is potential of the business concern towards attaining goals as well as objectives of the corporation by means of optimal usage of restricted organizational assets. In addition to this, efficiency of performance of the business enterprise can be ascertained in association to effectual as well as realized output, minimal along with cost efficacy, standard levels of output and attained level of output.

As recommended by Eisenbeiss et al. (2015), performance of the business concern often encounters overall issues of conceptual concerns in respect of differentiating between productivity along with performance.  As suggested by Eisenbeiss et al. (2015), productivity can be considered to be a specific ratio that necessarily illustrates about overall operations carried out within the specified period of time. Conversely, performance can be regarded as the broader characteristic comprising of productivity, consistency, quality as well as other facets. In essence, the below mentioned four different approaches can be utilized for illustrating organizational performance.

– Approach of goal: A business concern is generated with particular purpose of serving stakeholders of the business enterprises (Engelen et al. 2015). In itself, organizational performance can be considered as the potential of the enterprise to attain specific purposes.

– System Resource Approach: In essence, this specific approach ascertains the association between business environment and firm’s stakeholders. According to the viewpoint of Eriksson and Kovalainen (2015), a business concern becomes extremely effective whilst it can take advantage of business environment to attain particular purpose.

– Constituency Tactic: As rightly put forward by Heeringa et al. (2017), a business concern can be said to be effectual, whilst its multiple stakeholders perceive it as effectual. In essence, business concern having higher control level over varied resources is more probable to have impact on organizational performance.

– Tactic of Competing Values: Business concerns are essentially settled in different directions with varied expectations of diverse constituencies. Therefore, business enterprises have the need to implement different criteria for enumerating performance. Basically, business concerns need to be adaptable as well as flexible enough with the altering demands of stakeholders for directing performance of the corporation. Herman and Chiu (2014) suggests that an effectual along with performing business concern needs to have greater degree of dedication as well as collaboration among different stakeholders by means of team project, management of team and various work groups. Furthermore, the degree of flexibility of business enterprises augments their overall capability to use scarce resources of business environment that subsequently directs towards higher and advanced level of performance of business concern. Basically, overall value of performance of organization is majorly enumerated by means of stock market.

As rightly suggested by Hoyle and Gottfredson (2015), the main association between style of leadership and level of performance can be considered to be one of the most important fields of research. Majority of findings of the research have expounded style of leadership that can subsequently exert influence on superior performance of organizations. As correctly mentioned by Jacobsen and Bøgh Andersen (2015), an enquiry on small scale business enterprises can be used for comprehending overall influence of style of leadership on performance of the business concern. According to the current research, transformational leadership are said to exert positive influence on performance of business concerns. Kesting et al. (2015) asserts that survey undertaken on small scale business enterprises operating in Nigeria for analysing the influence of style of leadership on performance of corporation. According to the outcome of the current study it can be hereby mentioned that transformational style of leadership can be regarded to be positively related to organizational performance. However, transactional leaders are on other hand can be considered to be insignificantly related to advanced performance of organizations.

Kratochwill (2015) scrutinized the influence of the style of the leadership on performance of the business concern. According to research outcome, both transformational as well as transactional leaders can be considered to be positively related to performance of workers. In the same way, LePine et al. (2016) presents results of the research undertaken on examination of influence of the style of leadership on advanced performance of the business concern of selected private schools of particularly Pakistan. In essence, research outcomes have reflected both transformational as well as transactional leadership have positive impact on performance of the organization. Nevertheless, according to outcomes of the research, transactional leadership can be regarded to be positively linked to performance of enterprises in comparsi0on to transformational style of leadership. As such, the research undertaken by Maynard et al. (2017), firms operating in the United States of America have reflected that both transformational along with transactional leadership is essentially positively associated to the level of performance of enterprises. Nonetheless, transformational leadership necessarily refers to contribution towards performance of business concern in comparison to transactional leadership.

Conclusion

The basic aim of the research study refers to ascertainment of influence of leadership on performance of employees. In essence, attention is mainly concentrated on the subject matter under consideration in generating efficacy on business concerns that entirely embraced effectual styles of leadership. Assessment of prior studies carried out by various scholars can help in understanding leadership that considerably influences performance of employees and participative styles of leadership and this can aid advanced performance among workforces.  Also, prior literature reveals that subsist proper delegation of particularly power as well as accountability to the workers that in turn can augment quality of delivery of service.  In addition to this, it can be hereby mentioned that there remains good amount of incentive to augment performance of workforces in the business concern. It is mainly owing to the fact that without proper welfare package it shall rule out business concern’s potential to satisfy the entire public. Also, analytical evaluation of academic body of literature reflects the fact that there is high-quality ways of communication between managers and their sub ordinates that in turn can make certain free flow of operations. Contemporary gadgets of communication can aid in this process of augmented communication processes that subsequently can lead to superior performance of corporation. Business concerns establish goals as well as targets for their workforces and convince them to satisfy their pre determined schedules. Therefore, all these can show the way to increased level of performance of actions in the business concern during the specified period accompanies by proper working conditions, enhanced salary as well as diverse incentives.

Based on the review of literature, it can be said that for any kind of business enterprise to thrive in the business environment, apposite influence of the leadership on workforces need to be followed. In essence, it is anticipated that presentation of different leadership in this specific project can properly contribute towards better comprehension of the need for adoption of specific types of leadership on account of advantages that can be derived from the same by various workforces amid overall impact to the enterprise on the whole. Also, prior studies reflect necessity to bring about alterations in influence of leadership when the necessity occurs in a business concern in a bid to augment performance.

1. Methodology of research

The current segment necessarily highlights diverse tools as well as mechanisms that can be utilized for the purpose of completion of the research study. In essence, the current proposal therefore primarily focuses on philosophy of research, approach of specific research, and specific purpose of research under consideration, design of research, strategy of research, mechanism for collecting data, specific methods of sampling along with processes of analysis of data. Every possible tools of research can be evaluated and particular tools that can be employed for the current study can be illustrated along with justification of selection (Nardi 2018).

As rightly indicated by McLachlan and Garcia (2015), there are primarily two different methodologies of research namely, quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research method necessarily generates numerical data or else information that can be seamlessly converted into numerals (McLachlan and Garcia 2015). On the other hand, qualitative research generates varied non-numerical data. Thus, it can be hereby mentioned that data that are essentially measurable are accumulated and thereafter evaluated for the purpose of quantitative research, whereas qualitative research concentrates on accumulating primarily verbal data in place of enumerations (Smith 2015). In this case, accumulated information is thereafter evaluated in a definite interpretive way, subjective, diagnostic or else impressionistic way.

For the purpose of the present study, learner intends to utilize qualitative research methodology for the current study under deliberation (McLachlan and Garcia 2015). Also, selection of this method can be said to be feasible as this can aid the researcher in obtaining as qualitative research methodology can be used for complementing the quantitative research method where secondary data obtained from prior literature, previously documented business cases along with other structured texts such as journals, books, magazines in addition to official reports can be used (Nardi 2018). Qualitative research methodology can also help in analysing primary verbal data obtained from interview studies using various methods such as narrative as well as thematic analysis.

The employees from the Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services are taken into consideration in this regard. The entire cluster of the employees working in this division can be considered as the target population for the current study.

The technique for the purpose of sampling for the current study at hand is essentially employing usage of secondary data. In particular, the study uses thematic analysis where specific data as well as requisite information are generated from varied published peer reviewed research articles, different books along with authentic official websites that associates specific objectives of the research in the study at hand. In addition to this, the study also qualitative analysis of subjective answers obtained from the responses of the interviews. The learner intends to select 8 to 10 managers working in this Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services as a sample for carrying out interviews (Newman et al. 2017). The learner intends to utilize a method of judgemental sampling that is necessarily a non-probability technique of sampling in which the researcher chooses specific units that needs to be sampled founded on knowledge as well as professional judgement. Selection of this specific system of sampling can be said to be justified as only a restricted number of individuals hold the specific area of interest. However, it is viable in this case in obtaining particular information from specified group of individuals chosen for the study.

As rightly put forward by Wolgemuth et al. (2015), the sample size presents the total number of employees selected for the interview for this study. Also, sample also includes journal articles, news articles as well as books utilized in the study at hand. In essence, there are essentially two different types of data (particularly secondary sources) that comprises of inclusive as well as exclusive data.

In addition to this, the learner also has the intention to use interview method for collecting first hand data primary that will be subjective and qualitative in nature (Rao 2014). The interview method is a way of communication in which oral communications are necessarily posed by a specific interviewer to elicit oral response from particularly the interviewee. The learner uses unstructured interview that is less formal kind in which even though sets of questions might perhaps be utilized. The interviewer can freely modify overall sequence of questions, alterations of wordings as well as sometimes illustrates them or else add them during the process of interaction (Roberts and Allen 2015).

In essence, the learner intends to use narrative content of particularly interviews for specific patterns. Particularly, the patterns can be identified, classified as well as coded in a bid to uncover different themes (Zhu et al. 2015). The learner intends to carry out constant comparison procedure of specific categories. Again, for the purpose of analysing subjective interview data, the learner intends to utilize narrative analysis. Narrative analysis refers to a specific approach that helps in  gathering the specific stories derived from the responses of the interview, analyse the stories and evaluate diverse stories and look up for specific interpretations. The study at hand uses thematic analysis for the acquired qualitative data from prior works carried out by scholars.  As correctly mentioned by Wolgemuth et al. (2015), thematic analysis is an extensively utilized qualitative data analysis mechanism that can be utilized in the study at hand. In essence, it can be considered as an important cluster of mechanisms that concentrate chiefly on recognizing the outlined meaning in a particular set of data. Particularly, there are different categories of thematic analysis utilized in the present study are deductive in nature in which specific theme is designed by subsisting notions as well as ideas. Again, the learner intends to employ prior information from different valid sources.

The learner intends to undertake pilot studies that can be summarised in different segments to discover issues along with barriers associated to the recruitment of the selected members of the interview. The learner also has the intention to ascertain overall acceptability of different observations as well as protocol of the interview. Further, this study also intends to determine specific methodologies of current research. In case of pilot study in the case of qualitative research, the learner also intends to include phenomenology that includes philosophical study of different structures and framework of specifically experience as well as consciousness (Zhu et al. 2015). Also, the pilot study also takes in grounded theory that includes systematic generation of particular theories from mainly the qualitative systematic research study. Therefore, in this context, it can be said pilot study taking in grounding theory can help in methodical gathering along with evaluation of specific data.

Different ethical considerations that are taken into consideration by the learner include the following:

Ensuring participants of the interview have provided informed consent voluntarily: The learner intends to make certain that partakers of the survey or interview are well-informed about the subject matter of the research and have agreed to participate without any kind of compulsions (Singh 2015).

Ensuring no harm is inflicted on the interview participants: The learner also intends to make certain that no harm is inflicted on the partakers of the interview owing to their participation.

Ensuring maintenance of confidentiality as well as anonymity: Also, the learner needs to make certain that privacy as well as anonymity of responses is maintained in the research (Smith 2015). The anonymity as well as confidentiality of the information gathered from the responses to the survey as well as interview questions is a necessary ethical consideration in this regard.

 In addition to this, the learner also intends to ensure that prior permission is taken from the partakers of research so that no respondent is compelled to participate and have equal chance to quit the same at any point of time (Smith 2015)

The learner intends to ensure that the amassed information conforms to the Data Protection Act and the acquired information needs to be shielded against any fraudulent access or leakage of information.

The study at hand shall be prepared and presented in different chapters that are as mentioned below:

The introductory chapter focuses context of the research with detailed information on the background of the study, problem of the research and specific aims of the study at hand. In addition to this, this segment of the study intends to shed light on objectives of the research, questions of the research and significance/importance of the subject matter under deliberation (Tourish 2014).  

The following segment of the study includes the second chapter that highlights notions of leadership, prior studies on styles of leadership, performance of business enterprises and study of styles of leadership and its linkage to performance of business concerns (Wang et al. 2014).

The subsequent segment of the study is essentially the third chapter of the study that highlights methodology that the learner proposes to undertake for carrying out the research along with justification for utilization of the same. In essence, this chapter outlines design of research as well as methodology that includes methodology of particular research study (sketching research strategy), strategy of sampling, instruments of amassed data, evaluation of data and pilot study (Wolgemuth et al. 2015).

The current section of the study shall amass authentic data regarding topic of the research. This segment shall elucidate effectual methods of analysing the data for deducing the   correct information from the accumulated data.

Conclusion and Recommendation

This segment of the study delivers a brief of the conclusive outcomes of the research in a succinct way (Zhu et al. 2015). Also, based on the results obtained from the study, this section suggests certain recommendations for overcoming real problems on research.

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