High Prevalence and Complications of Diabetes in the United States
Discuss about the Health Literacy and Promotion Action.
There is a need to address the case of diabetes epidemiology in the whole world. Diabetes disease is preventable through several ways; lifestyle modification, early detection and through therapy. According to a study carried out by the Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDPC) in the United State, shows that there is a high risk of a large population of Americans developing diabetes due to uncontrolled nutrition that results to high levels of glucose in the blood ( McEwen et al, 2012). According to the report from the CDPC, the population of the people who diagnosed diabetes in United State were 21.3million in 2012 from 5.5million in the year 1980 (Gregg et al ,2012). The analyses suggested that in every year there are 1.7 million new cases of diagnosis that are diagnosed. The analyses insinuated that out of the three adults in the United States one could be diabetic by the year 2050 (Imperatore et al, 2012). Unluckily, around 8.1 million people who are diabetic are not aware that they have the disease. About 57 million people in United States which is mostly the minority populations are at high risk of developing diabetes (Chow, Foster, Gonzalez & McIver, 2012).
In connection with the prevalence of diabetes in United States, the disease pandemic has been a major significance and cannot be accepted. The prevalence and complications of diabetes makes it to be ranked high in the list of the major causes of deaths around the world (Wang et al, 2016). Diabetes is one of the listed disease by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) statistics in 2010 as a major cause of majority and morbidity in all groups of all ages. Diabetes mellitus was named the highest doctrine driver for global burden disease as it led to 1,281,300 deaths in 2010 which was 92.7% rise over the year 1990 where 66,500 deaths were reported. (Arredondo, 2013).
The cost to the healthcare system is another burden caused by diabetes. The medical cost of type 2 diabetes is a lifetime. The report from American Diabetes Association shows that the medical cost of the population with diabetes are approximately 2.3 times more than the expected cost when there is no diabetes. The report shown that the mediocre medical cost of the people diagnosed diabetes was approximately $13,700 in a year and around $7,900 was out of diabetes. (Hex, Bartlett, Wright, Taylor & Varley, 2012). The direct expenditure to the health care system include; physician services, laboratory tests, syringe and daily managements of the disease supplies. The total direct medical cost including hospital inpatient care was $176 billion which is 43% of total medical cost. Some of the indirect cost in America due to diabetes complications included; inability to work efficiently which cost of $ 21.6 billion, increased absenteeism which valued $5 billion and lost production potential as a result of mortality which cost $18.5 billion. The total expenditure of pre-diabetes and diabetes in United States is $322 billion as the insulin average price had raised 3 times at the period between 2002 and 2013. The estimated total cost on people diagnosed with diabetes was $245 billion in 2012 (Murray & Lopez, 2013).
Economic Burden of Diabetes on Healthcare System
Diabetes as a burden affect the individual patient psychologically and a large population surrounding the patient. The people that are mostly affected include; the family members, friends and community as whole. The type 2 diabetes and its complications has been known to mostly affect the working population (Ginter & Simko, 2013). These working population include the people aged between 25-64 years which cost $120,700 on young men of 25-44 years and $84,000 on men between 55-64 years (Lozano et al, 2012). The cost in women ranged from $130,800 in young group and $85,200 in the aged group of women in the aged group of 55-64 years. 53% of the aged gender averaged on the lifetime medication were treated on the diabetes complications. The rating of incidence and prevalence of diabetes alert the need of government intervention (Goran, Ulijaszek & Ventura, 2013).
The government is required to implement some strategies to prevail the applications by emphasizing the education and provision of fast hand information about the disease to the public. It is the responsibility of the government to support and encourage the national diabetes development activities, helping and making the goal to be new and embarking on such initiatives easier(Kohl et al, 2012). One of the government plans to ensure the diabetes’ patient to have easier access high quality of diabetes care and essential medical services, affordable and available services. The government has to prioritize and introduce a framework of vision and mission in order to make its goals and plans achievable (Chen, Magliano & Zimmet, 2012).
QUESTION 2. Provide examples of health promotion action to address a selected risk factor, health behavior or determinant for your chosen health issue within a strategic framework.
Poor nutrition due to the people’s lifestyles is one of the risk factors that determine the incident of diabetes. The government and the community ensure the prevention of diabetes by educating the people about the importance of the change of lifestyles to escape the risk of harmful illnesses like diabetes. The prevention and reduction of diabetes requires the government interventions by ensuring the implementation and regulation of the Ottawa charter health promotion actions. The five health promotion series of Ottawa charter at the first international conference include; developing personal skills, creating health public policy, fortifying the community action, ensuring supportive environments and re- orientating the health care services illness prevention and promotion of health. (Kumar& Preetha, 2012)
The creation of health public policy has been applied the federal government of Australia to modify the dietary risk factors that causes the development of diabetes. The Australian government implemented a mandatory front- of- pack system that makes simple visual information about the quality of ingredients in the packed food being sold by the companies. The action of the government raising the tax on the sugar- sweeten foods and beverages provides a price signal without removing the choice of the item. The high taxation could shift the consumption patterns for healthier foods with little sugar which are responsible for the development of diabetes. (Disdier-Flores, Rodríguez-Lugo, Pérez-Perdomo & Pérez-Cardona, 2013)
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Individuals and Community
In developing personal skills like making good health choices for example participating in physical activities to reduce weight and obesity, minimizes the risk of developing diabetes. The health choices help an individual to control dietary patterns and enhance a balance between the consumed kilojoules and the kilojoules expanded at the individual level. The personal skills apply where chose his/her best diet as labeled through the government requirements in improving and provision of nutrients information in the packed foods options (Gillen, Little, Punthakee, Tarnopolsky, Riddell & Gibala, 2012).
By fortifying the community action ensures a strong regulatory structure for food re- formulation to improve the food nutrition characteristics. This reformulation is based on ensuring minimal sugar, salt and saturated fats contents in the processed food. In Australia the food reformulation has been limited in voluntary industrial approaches. The major national initiative in Australia since 2009 has been in the health and food dialogue which involves the government representatives, the food industries and the public health to cooperate in reformulation (Singh et al, 2013). The targets of the dialogue were to set the range of foods and for the manufactures to choose the food to implement. However, in the first four years there were no reformulation targets achieved. Later the authors found a few targets that have been set (World Health Organization. 2016). The absence of any reformulation achievement was caused by the failure of the participants to meet the expectations for reporting in progress. Food reformulation process requires specific targets and strong mechanisms independent and incentives for compliance of performance and progress. The government and community intervention in both economic and social sectors will mediate the strengthening of the health promotion action. (Zimmer, Magliano, Herman, & Shaw, 2014)
The health promotion action through re- orientating of health services in prevention of illness and promotion of health care advocates for the developmental means that encourage the betterment of health. It is the role of the government and the community organizations to strategize the areas that needs more healthcare centers and services. The reorientation of the healthcare services requires strong attention including intensive research and changes in profession training and education. The establishment of hospital and dispensaries in different areas of the community contributes a lot in healthcare promotion programs. The relationship between the people and the government representatives helps the government to locate the locality and the area that is in need of a healthcare center (Jagosh et al, 2012).
Through ensuring of supportive environments to the people especially by the government intervention by making sure that the residential environment is conducive and the conditions such health care infrastructure is well maintained (Eldredge, Markham, Ruiter, Kok & Parcel, 2016). The government should focus on public health issues such as bad nutrition, housing and settlement. The regulation and laws concerning the food industries has been set by Australian government to promote health action. The government of Australia has implemented a policy on restriction of children from being exposed to junk food advertising. These food advertising do affects the food choices and this influences the dietary habits. These environments help in prevention of children from overtaking of the junk foods that are unhealthy to their bodies. In 2008, the government of Australia regulated the advertisement of junk foods to children. The food industries accepted to be accountable for that code of conduct (Jiwa et al, 2012).
Government Strategies for Diabetes Prevention and Intervention
The collaboration between the government and the people of the community determines the equity of health care delivery services. It is the role of the government to protect its people from risky dietary behaviors that would result to disabilities from diabetes and other diseases (Yanek, Becker, Moy, Gittelsohn & Koffman, 2016). Apart from empowering the individuals in controlling the determinants of their good health, the government intervention advocates the equity of giving health care services to all the people. The main aim of health promotion action is to make the conditions favorable through advocating for health. The good health acts as an intercessor for economic, personal development, social and a significance aspect of quality life. For health promotion action to be able acquire health potential, there must reduce the difference in health status and ensure the presence of equal research and opportunities to all the people (MacDonald, 2012).
The evidence for creating supportive environments as one of the health promotion action reflects need for addressing the issue of diabetes. The neighborhoods of a community determine the choice of nutrition of the people. The affordable products limits the choices of food to several people according to their geographical area. Creation of supportive environment to people reduces the prevalence of the disease. The government and the community development organizations ensures the quality of information about the diet behavior that causes diabetes reach the people and how it strengthens their health (Jalilian, Motlagh, Solhi & Gharibnavaz, 2014). These environments include; the people workplace, learning institutions, hospitals and the people’s residential areas. These supportive environments make to expand their self- reliance and capabilities. (Basak Cinar, & Schou, 2014)
These supportive environments have been achieved through many ways. Direct political actions implement regulations and policies like high taxations of sugary products. This move by the Australian government help to reduce the high prevalence of diabetes (Sorensen et al, 2012). The government would provide a financial motivation to the events like school games and providing education on the junk foods that results to diabetes. The reinforcement of the links between environment strategies and health partnerships are some of the major supportive ways of promoting health to the people. The disadvantaged population are educated on the knowledge of researching on the local health needs (Harris, Mueller, Snider & Haire-Joshu, 2013). The health promotion environments strategies are included in the development plans of the community. In 1999. Raphael stated away of focusing in the key interest upon the individual including lifestyles and biomedical, community or structural activities like policy decisions and community resource distribution (Newlin, Dyess, Allard, Chase & Melkus, 2012).
The community participation through changing of cultural eating habits in Australia is evidence of full delivery of information to the people. In diabetes management the implementation of stress control programs in the workplace to help the staff to reduce habits like smoking and engagement with health snacks. The principle evidence reinforces an honest approach to the health promotion. The behavioral approach concentrates on high risk groups in biomedical approach that emphasizes on screening and developing healthcare. The developing and attitude programs educate and shows support provided to the individuals to change their eating behaviors. The social-environmental field points on high risky conditions and regard on how the individual adapt these conditions. (Tricco et al, 2012)
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