1. Using the case studies below, explore the factors that affect access to services. Give examples from the cases to show how that factor may affect the individual’s access to services.
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Factors |
Description of Factors |
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1: Geographical location |
How do these factors positively affect someone’s access to services? |
How do these factors negatively affect someone’s access to services? |
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Proximity to services |
Proximity to service will is helpful as in need the person can be admitted to such healthcare service. For severely injured and affected patients proximity to service is beneficial (Okwaraji et al. 2012). |
The negative effect of proximity to service is that it reduces the person’s access to healthcare in case of emergency. If the service is far from the person, it will delay care for patients like Giselle, who is wheelchair dependent to admit when severely ill or injured and hence, their health will be compromised (Betancourt et al. 2016) |
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Transport links |
1 For instance, Giselle was a member of traveller community and having good transport link is advantageous for her. |
If the social and healthcare unit does not have better link to transportation, then the place will have higher rate of mortality (Okwaraji et al. 2012). As Giselle has cerebral palsy she may have asthma attack, respiratory distress syndrome, it will be difficult to access the speciality services |
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2: Socio-economic factors |
How do these factors positively affect someone’s access to services? |
How do these factors negatively affect someone’s access to services? |
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Education |
With education, the person will be able to understand the importance and implication of healthcare and wellbeing in their life and hence, will utilize the health care services on time to stay fit and healthy (El Rifai, Mosaad and Farghaly 2017). |
Without education, a patient has poor health literacy and eventually does not understand the consequences of worsening symptoms or long-term impact. For instance the |
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Health awareness and lifestyle choices |
Health awareness and lifestyle-related choices hold importance as with proper knowledge of these two help the person to make healthy decisions. Joaquin can be educated about his hallucinations for early treatment. |
Without proper knowledge of healthy choices and lifestyle choices, the patient may not be able to make health or lifestyle related decisions (El Rifai, Mosaad and Farghaly 2017). Joaquin may not agree to stay in hospital without the health awareness and impact of hearing voices. |
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3: Equality and Diversity |
How do these factors positively affect someone’s access to services? |
How do these factors negatively affect someone’s access to services? |
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Cultural and religious |
Culturally competent care helps the patients to attain healthcare and feel comfortable as their rights, privacy, and confidentiality are maintained and ensures mental well being ((Betancour et al., 2016). For instance, nurses helping Joaquin to meet his needs to read bible daily will allow him to access care positively and stay in hospital. |
The healthcare nurses must consider the cultural and spiritual needs of patients else it will lead to non-compliance of treatment (Betancour et al., 2016). For instance, Giselle is obese with poor diet. Before recommending dietary changes her cultural factors and cooking traditions may be addressed else she may not comply. |
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Gender |
Addressing the patient’s gender preferences in accessing health care ensures positive outcomes (Betancour et al., 2016). For instance, Giselle is recipient of benefits and hence may prefer female nurse for washing and bathing. It will preserve her dignity and give sense of security or safety |
The presence of stereotypical norms of society, services is affected due to gender barrier (Betancour et al., 2016). Giselle may not prefer the help of male nurse in transferring patients from bed to wheelchair. It will resist her from taking help making her insecure |
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4: Communication |
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Age-appropriate language by professionals |
This helps to create a therapeutic relationship between physician and patient enhancing the quality of the service (Levesque et al., 2013). Giselle is 23 years old young lady; She may feel confident if the nurses address the language needs of her age say being open and jovial. |
Absence of age-appropriate language affects people using the service. They cannot trust the service. Joaquin is 61 years and if professional greet him like any other young patient, he may feel disrespected. Joaquin may prefer more formal tone than informal to be comfortable in accessing health services. |
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Use of jargon and acronyms |
Usage of medical jargons by the professionals will help patient to understand the illness and treatment procedure better. Joaquin was a teacher so he may better cooperate with his anxiety, understanding its impact. |
Patients without the health literacy and high educational attainment may fail to interpret the given health information. Giselle has learning difficulty. She may poorly understand her illness if jargons are used. She may fail to manage her illness and comorbidities. |
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5: Financial Factors |
How do these factors positively affect someone’s access to services? |
How do these factors negatively affect someone’s access to services? |
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Cost of transportation and cost of services |
Low cost of transportation and service increases the number of people accessing the service, hence assures that maximum people in the society is using the service |
Higher cost of transportation and service generally affects the low socioeconomic people to access the service |
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Loss of income due to treatments |
Less loss of income due to treatments encourage people to access care and adhere to treatment |
On the other hand, excessive loss of income can affect the patient’s medication intake. Excessive loss of income leads to the imbalance in their social and financial condition, leading to survival related issues (Heiman and Artiga 2015). |
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6: Quality of Care provision |
How do these factors positively affect someone’s access to services? |
How do these factors negatively affect someone’s access to services? |
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Respect from professionals |
If the person, seeking care related to healthcare and social responsibility, receives respectful responses from the person, then the person builds trust on the service and in any adverse condition seeks help from the healthcare and social care facilities. |
If the person seeking care does not respect, then he or she will not be able to focus on the work and eventually will suffer from mental and physical distress. |
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Preserving dignity |
It is essential in the care settings to maintain and able to protect the dignity as it helps to maintain the self-esteem and self-respect of the person (Levesque, Harris and Russell 2014). |
Without maintaining and preserving dignity, the person will not be able to achieve health care and therefore, the self-esteem, self-respect of the person will be at stake. |
2. Now, give recommendations on how to improve access to services for ONE of the case studies below. How might you adapt the provision, using the examples below? Remember to talk about the positive and negatives, but ALSO to discuss what might the challenges in implementing your recommendations. You should include some LOCAL EXAMPLES OF SERVICES to show your understanding.
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Adaptations |
What are your recommendations to change or adapt services? What are the benefits to service users or providers? |
What are your recommendations to change or adapt services? What are the difficulties you might experience in making these changes? How can you overcome these difficulties? |
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Alternative formats |
To change or adapt to different services Joaquin should be provided with healthcare literacy and should be made aware of the positive and negative implication of her disease so that all the nervousness and anxiety can be overcome. Benefit will be application of interventions. |
The difficulty will be related to high anxiety and stress level in the patient as after knowing about her healthcare condition it might possible that the patient gets affected negatively and do not apply any healthcare intervention (Ebrahimi et al. 2012). |
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Domiciliary services |
This service will be an appropriate service for Joaquin as she is facing health and mental complications and she needs assistance in activities of daily life. Further, with the help of this she will be able to control the anxiety and anger within her personality (Rasella et al. 2014). |
The adverse effect of this service will he her minimal health complications such as her anxiety and stress level will be affected. Further instead of controlling, may be due to health and mental complication, she can develop severe condition (Rasella et al. 2014). |
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Support from volunteers |
Support from volunteers will help to relieve her stress; her distress related to her mental stability will be decreased. Further, she will be able to perform her activities of daily life and that will increase the self-esteem and respect within the patient (Ebrahimi et al. 2012). |
Without the support from volunteers, Joaquin will increase her stress and anxiety level and further due to which, she will not be able to attain health care. Therefore, healthcare support and volunteers should be provided so that she can improve her mental health and can continue with her teaching related jobs. |
References
Betancourt, J.R., Green, A.R., Carrillo, J.E. and Owusu Ananeh-Firempong, I.I., 2016. Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and healthcare. Public health reports.
Ebrahimi, H., Torabizadeh, C., Mohammadi, E. and Valizadeh, S., 2012. Patients’ perception of dignity in Iranian healthcare settings: a qualitative content analysis. Journal of medical ethics, pp.medethics-2011.
El Rifai, D., Mosaad, G. and Farghaly, Y., 2017. Urban Framework As An Approach Towards Health Equity In Informal Settlements. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 210, pp.87-98.
Heiman, H.J. and Artiga, S., 2015. Beyond health care: the role of social determinants in promoting health and health equity. Health, 20(10), pp.1-10.
Levesque, J.F., Harris, M.F. and Russell, G., 2013. Patient-centered access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations. International journal for equity in health, 12(1), p.18.
Okwaraji, Y.B., Cousens, S., Berhane, Y., Mulholland, K. and Edmond, K., 2012. Effect of geographical access to health facilities on child mortality in rural Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study. PLoS One, 7(3), p.e33564.
Rasella, D., Harhay, M.O., Pamponet, M.L., Aquino, R. and Barreto, M.L., 2014. Impact of primary health care on mortality from heart and cerebrovascular diseases in Brazil: a nationwide analysis of longitudinal data. Bmj, 349, p.g4014.
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