Overview of Cognitive Development Theory
Cognitive development theory pays attention to development and learning theories. Cognitive development pays attention to the ability of the learner while learning pays attention to the realization of those abilities and the education within the approach is external. In cognitive theory, the behavior shows the emerging of different psychological patterns of thinking that influences on how children interpret data (Nelson, 2017).
Also, the cognitive development theory explains the reasoning aligned adjustments of the child getting new methods of discerning their surroundings. Piaget’s theory of implication presupposes that all children pass through the exact developmental process but their rates differ. According to his observations, Piaget had an understanding that children create their own ideas. Teachers must create an effort to give classroom activities for people and smaller groups. Assessments should be done based on the progress of a person individually since people construct their knowledge in their environment.
Jean Piaget identified four stages of development which include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. He believed that all children go through all these stages to improve to the following cognitive development level. In every step, children show new cognitive capabilities and sophisticated discernment of the world. It is impossible to skip a stage; cognitive development always follows that order. The maturity at which children advance through stages varies with the surrounding and the background of individual children. The child might also reveal behaviors attributes of more than one stage (Dadvand et al., 2015).
The first stage is the sensorimotor stage which starts at birth and goes up to 18 months to two years of age. At this stage, there is a use of motor activity without using symbols. The knowledge at this point is limited because it is focused on situations and physical cooperation. It is difficult for the infants to predict reaction hence must continuously experiment and learn through trial and error (Smith, 2017). Such inspections might encompass putting objects in their mouths. The infants’ capability develops cognitively increases as they become more mobile than in any other stage. Furthermore, they start developing language during this stage and object permanence happen at 7-9 months, showing that there is memory development. The infants often understand that an object is in existence after it is no longer identified.
The following stage is a preoperational stage that usually happens during the toddlerhood period which is 18-24 months and early childhood that is seven years (Gray& MacBlain, 2015). At this stage, children start to use language and the development of memory and imagination starts to occur. During the preoperational stage, children involve themselves in understanding and expressing between the past and the future. Also, more complicated concepts like cause and consequence relationships have not been learned. Intelligence is egocentric and intuitive. The vocabulary and the sentence structure improves gradually (Zhou & Brown, 2015).
The third stage is known as the concrete operational stage. It typically developed between the ages of 7-11. During this stage, reality distinguishes the child’s cognitive formations. Piaget asserts that the general principles can be reorganized in a broader scope of behaviors. Additionally, conservation is considered one of the best attainments of this stage. This means that when a child is asked to tell if two quantities are the same for example two equal volumes of liquid in a short and tall jar (Helmore, 2014). A child in this stage will say that the amount is the same whereas a child in the preoperational stage judge that the thinner glass contains more. The principle of conservation is reflected by the ability to reason in that way. The child is able to successfully do a task associated with the conservation of matter the transitive form of reasoning and object classification.
Piaget’s Four Stages of Development
Able to successfully perform task relating to the conservation of matter, the transitive form of
reasoning and classification of objects.
Able to successfully perform task relating to the conservation of matter, the transitive form of
reasoning and classification of objects.
Able to successfully perform task relating to the conservation of matter, the transitive form of
reasoning and classification of objects.
The last stage is a formal operational stage that begins from adolescence through adulthood. Adolescents and adults use symbols that are associated with abstract concepts. They can also think about various variables in organized ways and can even make a hypothesis and think about relationships concepts and information (Harris& Westermann, 2014). Piaget insisted that the psychological development was a lifetime procedure, but if the formal operational thought was achieved, now new formats were required. Mental events in adults encompass more complicated schema through the knowledge addition. The learner at this stage can concentrate on things that do not exist.
The learner’s developmental levels demonstrate the critical impact of Piaget’s theory. The developmental level of the learner requires to be consistent with the content of construction. The educator’s responsibility is to promote learning by giving various situations. Discovery learning offers chances for learners to reconnect and experience hence promoting new comprehensions. The chances grant learners of different cognitive levels to team up often help less mature learners to improve to a more concrete comprehension (THE_PIAGET_THEORY_OF_COGNITIVE_DEVELOPMENT_AN_EDUCATIONAL_IMPLICATIONS, 2018).
Another effect use of concrete “hands-on” situations to assist the children to learn. More recommendations include: giving complex props and visual equipment like models, using known examples to accommodate learning and also more complex issues like story issues in mathematics, allowed chances to classify with adding complication, use figures and rankings to supply assimilation of new data with the past awareness. Besides, present issues that need logical, analytic thinking like the use of brain teasers is highly recommended.
Wasil& Thawani (2014) suggested that only 35% of high school graduates in technological nations get formal operations. This is vital regarding instruction development and performance support for learners who are adults sequentially but might behaving scarcity in their comprehension of abstract concepts. It is essential to use these instructional suggestions for both adults and adolescents. Therefore it is crucial for teachers to give different learning experiences in order to facilitate learning. This will help the learners to engage themselves in various activities actively.
Criticism
The shortcomings in Piaget’s theory were identified by research experts in 1960s and 1970s. The critics speculated that by explaining the functions with confusing hypothetical words and using complex functions. Piaget underestimated the ability of the children. Studies have indicated that young children can be successful in more straightforward forms of tasks that need the same skills (Fogel, Lyra& Valsiner, 2014). Furthermore, Piaget’s approach states that thinking within a particular stage would be the same across functions. This means that preschool children should do at the preoperational stage in all cognitive functions. Studies have indicated differences in children’s cognitive abilities across cognitive tasks. In regards to Piaget’s theory, efforts to educate children developmentally progressed concepts would be not be successful. The research experts found out that in some cases, children always learn more progressed concepts with actually brief instruction. They have a belief that children may be more capable than Piaget previously thought particularly in their practical comprehension (Harris & Westermann, 2014).
In conclusion, Jean Piaget believes that learners are active in their knowledge. Piaget’s theory suggests that learners require a curriculum that encourages their cognitive development through learning concepts and logical steps. Piaget indicates that the understanding of the child is hindered by the stages. Therefore it is essential to enable the learners to participate actively in what they have been taught and learnt.
References
Dadvand, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Esnaola, M., Forns, J., Basagaña, X., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., … & Jerrett, M. (2015). Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(26), 7937-7942.
Fogel, A., Lyra, M. C., & Valsiner, J. (Eds.). (2014). Dynamics and indeterminism in developmental and social processes. Psychology Press.
Gray, C., & MacBlain, S. (2015). Learning theories in childhood. Sage.
Harris, M., & Westermann, G. (2014). A student’s guide to developmental psychology. Psychology Press.
Helmore, G. A. (2014). Piaget—a Practical Consideration: A Consideration of the General Theories and Work of Jean Piaget, with an Account of a Short Follow Up Study of His Work on the Development of the Concept of Geometry. Elsevier.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265916960_THE_PIAGET_THEORY_OF_COGNITIVE_DEVELOPMENT_AN_EDUCATIONAL_IMPLICATIONS [accessed Oct 02 2018].
Nelson, K. (2017). Cognitive development and the acquisition of concepts. In Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge(pp. 215-239). Routledge.
Smith, L. (2017). Necessary knowledge: Piagetian perspectives on constructivism. Routledge.
Wasil, F. A., & Thawani, H. (2014). Pedagogy. VK Global Publications.
Zhou, M., & Brown, D. (2015). Educational learning theories.
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