Task 1
Civil engineering is categorized as an interdisciplinary subject that emphasizes the creation of construction, infrastructure maintenance, and design for environmental improvement. The essentials of highway engineering are founded on building and activities undertaken when constructing several structures, like highways and environmental constructions structures. It is vital to highlight that the presented report is based on knowledge of the many actions and information required to establish a significant construction project proposed in Heathrow, London. The study will examine how various operations such as backfilling, slope-stabilization, excavation works, retaining walls, installing of drains, and other subsurface utilities are also required for the project proposal to be implemented.
Civil engineering includes several processes that must be followed while performing civil engineering tasks. The application of earthwork activities is regarded as one of several activities. Earthwork operations are evaluated to be centered on preparing the earth’s surface areas that require a considerable volume of either soil or stones (Song et al., 2017).
The primary concept idea of earthwork processing is to ensure that the land is excavated to a desirable condition that may be used to perform the construction operation. According to the analysis, various approaches and procedures can be employed to perform such undertakings in constructing the projected plan development in Heathrow, London (Allen and Iano, 2019).
P1, M1: Excavation and earthmoving equipment
The various equipment types used in the earthmoving processes and excavation focus on ensuring suitable conditions for earthmoving activities and earthwork. The movement of other materials like rocks with the assistance of heavy tools and equipment is the foundation of the earthmoving and excavation process; this is summarized in the following principles:
Bulldozer: The soil would be pushed by ensuring efficient and positive safeguarding of the equipment that helps in both rock and soil breaking to complete the construction process. In order for the soil to be breaking the rocks and soil, hydraulic attachments are used in the machine (Lewis et al., 2012).
Dragline: Dragline aids in the construction of heavy excavations since it permits comparative regulators of the whole excavation process.
P2 and D1
- The main requirements of constructing a foundation would require different approaches to conduct the process that requires piling works, drainage work, and complex foundations. The following involves steps that would be undertaken while laying the groundwork (Zhang et al., 2021):
- Soil investigation where the foundations are supposed to be built.
- Establishing the actual corner of the foundation on the ground to ensure the foundation would be complete and constructed properly.
- Carryingout an excavating operation that will help in the entire preparation of the carriers.
- Installation of footing is a state of an act that involves concrete pouring into wood forms, generally indirectly or directly into trenches, for building footings.
- Sealing the footing for moisture contact prevention
- Usage of concrete block ensures the construction of the stern walls when constructing the foundation’s basement.
- Using a sealant to coat the foundation’s walls to ensure moisture is not present or be in contact with the foundation.
- The process of ground stabilization focuses on the general method of building the piles and the manner where the foundation will be developed, and the approaches that allow the piling system to be installed effectively are focused. It’s worth noting that pile foundations are often installed using a mechanical auger and pile hammer for boring. To ensure the process of installation in the region proposal is successful (Kourkouliset al., 2012)
To perform the process of pile installation and ground activities for stabilization, a variety of technologies and techniques would be used.
P3: Construction of culvert
The following construction steps and procedures will help in building a culvert. The following are steps or procedures to take (Haghani and Yang, 2016):
- The construction of a half culvert would require excavation to be performed.
- The bed of the culvert will be constructed by conforming to the multiple levels based on the existing construction designs that the engineer will approve.
Construction of underpass
The underpass construction involves constructing a pedestrian passageway and tunnel to be used as the road that runs underneath a train or road.
Provision for utilities
The provision of utilities is centered on several infrastructure services forms provided to customers in terms of public services. It’s vital to remember that provision of utility dependent on the several types of utility supply services provided by developers and home builders.
The utility provided underground and drained installation is established on various processes and phases that need to be followed to perform the subterranean utilities. The following are steps will be taken:
- Selecting the route for the development or drainage system installation. This will aid in the establishment of a straight-line drainage system.
- Selecting the pipe to be used would allow completion of the building looping system of the drainage process. The pipes utilized will carry out the drainage construction duties must be based on how to use adaptable rolls that could be easily installed.
- Digging of trenches where the drainage pipe will be installed.
- Creating a trench lining
- Constructing the drainage system’s pipes
- Filling the trench with soil
- Changing out the sob present
- Method of a full open cut: The method is based on creating a foundation divided into 2 significant slopes, which are cut open. It needs to be noticed that there exists a side excavation procedure in place, which will aid in supporting the wall of the foundation.
- Method of bracing excavation: The method relies on horizontal struts to support the front of a retaining wall. The procedure has to be followed in order to maintain the material pressure of an excavation wall (Mu et al., 2020).
- The anchors are placed to the barriers that operate against the earth pressure in this technique. The determination identifies the process that effectively creates the configuration and elements of anchored excavation approaches
The several strategies that will be used to ensure that appropriate developments of the slope stability and ground are attained by reducing the challenges that arise throughout this process. The following are methods involved:
- It is necessary to keep efficient regulation over the seepage forces.
- It is necessary to reduce driving forces that help in the intensification of frictional resistance on the slope of the ground.
Task 2
Example
For stabilization of the slopes, the following recommendations need to be followed, taking into account the stabilization rate of development:
- Modification of the geometry of the slope
- Management of surface water
- Management of internal seepage
- Retention provision to increase the resistance forces
- P4:
- Risks and Hazards
The major hazards that should be minimized while working in a building would depend on the projected quantity of work required to be fully completed by personnel. It is observed that the process of construction process emphasizes the creation and use of assorted heavy and risky operations and equipment as a result of the setting where the process of working takes place (Kim and Yu, 2014).The following are among the approaches and methods that must be used to ensure there will be constructive activities present during the deep excavation process:
- It is essential to keep significant data on the water table location and subsurface soil.
- Excavation sides should be maintained, and a protective system depending on the excavation amount and the existing soil type must be specified.
- Detecting subsurface utilities using electric cables, optical fiber cables, pipelines, and other detectors’ cables
- There is an obligation to examine the likelihood of a chemical hazard happening in the level of oxygen, resulting in breathing difficulties.
Safety plans
The concept of efficient safety methods that interrelate with the appropriate improvement of the planning process is proposed with the appropriate preparation and the establishment of various engineering activities. It is vital to evaluate the manageable job involvement in an engineering development that identifies long-term managerial processes and produces an effective processing control system provided by the hazard control process. Discovering the probable cause of harm and commencing the organized work process phase’s helps in the production of a better element that attempts to structure the numerous techniques according to organized work follow-up.
Assessments of risk
The risk assessment planning should be retrieved by directing the strategic development statement and familiarizing with the variability of techniques based on long-term work progress. Subsequent to assessing risk, it’s vital to reason on cost-effective substitutes to allow the engaged work significance and planned engagement project to be completed within a given time frame (Stanitsas et al., 2021).
Statements of method
An important aspect that helps develop solid positive engagement with the overall project involves examining numerous risk techniques and mitigation within the appropriate time. A vital pathway that emphasizes on strategic planning criteria is managing equipment and materials by assessing the accessibility of the output section. Based on this factor, the team will coordinate the advanced work planning with the proper relevant construction material at the proper moment to mitigate various hazards.
- M2:
A code of professional conduct for the work of civil engineering is an important factor that considers consistent and efficient work representation in this region. Program of occupational health and safety include various rules that address the equipment, fire protection, work environment, noise, material handling, and explosives, among many other things.
Legislation
The section includes a consultancy contract with the legal system authority method so that the conventional contract back up with coordinated decision-making participation may be retrieved. Construction Site Safety, Safety-Based Planning, and Comprehensive Maintenance System for Retaining Employees are the different laws in this section.
- M2:
A variety of dangers available in civil engineering tasks that need to be mitigated to allow the construction process to be completed successfully includes the following:
- Working at height poses a risk because it is the most lethal risk during the construction process.
- The most popular danger type involves moving objects because people working in this kind of high-stress environment are more likely to use heavy equipment that can move from one spot to another, consequential in a fall or a breakdown.
- P6 and M3:
The main concept of rock and soil mechanics is applied in the field of civil engineering to examine the condition of the surface before any construction. Nevertheless, there are several challenges expected for construction to face. This is relevant in relation to economic, quality, environmental, and geotechnical stability. The earthwork and the foundation construction must be supervised closely. With the fast growth of nanotechnology engineering, new approaches have emerged that may play a role in the development of engineering challenges. Nevertheless, one of the main issues that the engineering team is dealing with is climate change, which is being caused by the usage of energy to complement the context of economics and the environment (Barnes, 2016). The outcome of this involves the implications discovered, including a gap of knowledge that poses an encounter to the process of geo-engineering. The issues that are causing the system to fail are as follows:
- Environmental factors are believed to be influenced by a variety of elements, including waste slurry, waste rock powder, and other site trash deposited in neighboring areas.
- Cement concentrations obstruct the topsoil surface, where an excess of poisonous immobilizes.
- The numerous types of bottom liners installation have also established the risk level in the site construction, causing the country’s economy to suffer.
- P7 and D3:
Task 3
Civil engineering projects primarily obstruct several parts of human lives and the economy. The context assumes that building sites are hazardous to the environment. Therefore, many feasible selections have been accepted to tackle the project’s intricacy. The following are some of the services provided:
- Certification of the materials analysis for the construction project.
- Certification of Green building for site construction.
The following determinations can be implemented to improve the geotechnical, economic, and environmental conditions and the quality:
- To reduce a country’s environmental impact, construction recycling of materials can be used to avert the dumping of heavy metals in a local area. However, because of densely populated countries, security should be made to ensure that the community is not affected. Scientifically working also assists in maintaining environmental changes.
- Use of alternative energy forms would reduce the impact of energy use on geotechnical structures.
- The usage of ground board design can aid in the knowledge of polluted soil, which can then be utilized for building.de of conduct, the BS7750 Environmental Management System would be applied.
There is a direct influence on the environmental element with the introduction of environmental economics and social administration in the building site. It entails a diversity of activities that can be implemented to certify that the environment is not harmed. On the other hand, Heathrow has become one of the countries to adopt the many strategies and projects techniques.
- Gravel type of road
The improvement of the earth roadway is stated to become the gravel road. It is most prevalent in both urban and semi-rural regions. The compressed soil layer is usually constructed at the top of the layer of gravel. This sort of road is free from dust and slick material that could cause a public hazard. The engineering team recommends that the gravel road be constructed in the interior parts, where fewer people travel frequently (Stallworth et al., 2020).
- Road made of concrete
A mixture of asphalt and Portland cement is blended to make a concrete type of road. The main attribute of this road is its resistance to heavy traffic and is usually constructed in densely populated areas. The concrete type of road edges has been thickened. CBR testing, also known as soil testing is needed before building a concrete type of road to establish the extreme pressure that a certain location can withstand.
The analysis of the construction of the Zhuhai-Macau Bridge that has an appropriate path based on consistency methods, involving appropriate communication techniques, and analyzing the effective pathways associated with future change in the work.
The size of the project is exceedingly large, broad, and varied, but the planned-related factors make it a bit difficult. The sea traffic is fairly significant in this area, the spans of the bridge are long, and the marine environment must be safeguarded. The height of operation is restricted in this technique to allow appropriate progress of work, which makes it difficult to control.
Bridge construction
With the aid of technology and professional guidance, the methods used in the building, like soil freezing, tensioning, reinforcement, and the ground wall, are accounted. Method of surveying currently used in the construction of bridges, thanks to technological advancements. Soil selection and other design requirements will use the technology of infrared during surveying. Nevertheless, technology is used in the deck production process to make stronger decks. Several treatments are also used to joint of the bearing to ensure they are strong and obtain the desired structure.
Highway construction
Conducting a reconnaissance of the planned route and ensuring that drainage systems are in place is the most crucial phase in highway construction. It’s also vital to figure out how much traffic is expected. The road will initially be coated with asphalt, which is thought to provide a long-lasting and sturdy road surface. Following that, cement concrete is used to pave the highways. This is done to keep the concrete from shifting. To consolidate the mixture, macadam chip and tar is usually applied in the last stages of highway building.
References
Allen, E. and Iano, J., 2019. Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. John Wiley & Sons.
Barnes, G., 2016. Soil mechanics: principles and practice. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Haghani, R. and Yang, J., 2016. Application of FRP materials for construction of culvert road bridges: manufacturing and life-cycle cost analysis. Rapport, (2016: 3).
Kim, J.T. and Yu, C.W., 2014. Hazardous materials in buildings. Indoor and Built Environment, 23(1), pp.44-61.
Kourkoulis, R., Gelagoti, F., Anastasopoulos, I. and Gazetas, G., 2012. Hybrid method for analysis and design of slope stabilizing piles. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(1), pp.1-14.
Lewis, P. and Hajji, A., 2012. Estimating the economic, energy, and environmental impact of earthwork activities. In Construction Research Congress 2012: Construction Challenges in a Flat World (pp. 1770-1779).
Mu, L., Chen, W., Huang, M. and Lu, Q., 2020. Hybrid method for predicting the response of a pile-raft foundation to adjacent braced excavation. International Journal of Geomechanics, 20(4), p.04020026.
Song, S., Marks, E. and Pradhananga, N., 2017. Impact variables of dump truck cycle time for heavy excavation construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management, 7(2), pp.11-18.
Stallworth, A.M., Chase, E.H., Burgos, W.D. and Warner, N.R., 2020. Laboratory method to assess efficacy of dust suppressants for dirt and gravel roads. Transportation Research Record, 2674(6), pp.188-199.
Stanitsas, M., Kirytopoulos, K. and Leopoulos, V., 2021. Integrating sustainability indicators into project management: The case of construction industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, p.123774.
Zhang, Z., Zhang, S. and Lu, S., 2021, June. Application of supporting construction technology for deep foundation pit in Building Foundation Engineering. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 787, No. 1, p. 012177). IOP Publishing.
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