Data Collection Methods
Discuss about the Research Preparation in Post Graduate Studies.
The shaking of the Earth surface that leads to the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere. The energy released results in the creation of seismic waves. These seismic waves have very far reaching consequences on the earth surface depending on their intensity. This therefore means that the seismicity of areas will always vary. The seabed can be sufficiently displaced and tsunami caused if the epicentre of the earthquake is offshore. Landslides and even volcanic are consequences of this phenomenon too.
These consequences of the earthquake have direct impact on the flora and fauna. A lot of knowledge is needed to provide remedy to these problems and possibly avert the consequences. The level of preparedness must apply scientific knowledge for them to be effective. Engineering branch that designs and analyses structures while putting into consideration the impacts of the earthquake has sprung up. The main of this research is to review on the existing applications of the earthquake engineering and how it has impacted lives, areas of concerns and the benefits as well.
The main aims of this engineering branch are to predict the impact of the strong earthquakes on the bridges, buildings and on the urban lives in general. It also checks on the process of design and construction of the building to conduct an exposure test on the expectations. This means that branch of engineering is unable to work alone but instead should depend on the other numerous branches in order to establish proper results. It has become an interdisciplinary field that makes use of knowledge acquired from other fields including mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, applied physics etc.
The research was conducted using scientific ways. The needed materials for study were assembled such as laptops for the data recording, cameras for taking photographs taking safety kits among others. The targeted group became those that live in the areas that are usually affected by the earthquakes. The data was collected through use of different ways that included;
- What are the experiences of earthquakes?
- What are the levels of damage of earthquakes?
- What is the level of preparedness for the earthquakes?
- What are the examples of available buildings and structures that are used to protect and combat the impacts of the earthquake?
- What is the level of efficiency of these structures they have limitations and weaknesses?
The study focused on exploring the available application on the practice of earthquake engineering as well as the available areas that were worst affected by the earthquakes. This included travelling to the areas that are prone to the earthquake. The forum of the damage inspections and assessment were established.
Exploration of the available books and peer reviewed journals exhaustive on earthquake proof engineering-The available materials were exhaustively read to extract the highly elaborating on the topic under research.
Limitations Faced During Research
Paying visits to those researches on the applications of buildings to manage earthquake
During the research, the interviews predominated the entire work. Sorting of the earthquake engineering experts was done and their experiences noted for detailed analysis.
The research was faced with numerous limitations. The research was carried out mainly in the English language and yet there was need to gather some data in other languages as the locals had challenges expressing themselves in the English language. Language barrier was thus became one of the challenges (Gioncu, 2010, p.320).
- The time that was allocated for the study was too short.
- Having an access to some areas were a major challenge.
- There was lack of data in some places that we focussed on and this was a big blow to the research team.
The earthquake resistant structures are basically meant to reduce and tolerate the effects of the phenomenon in the earthquake hit zones. Human deaths have been minimised through avoiding the collapse of structures (Hori, 2011, p.177). The earthquake engineering has utilised the experimental findings and computer simulations to the necessities to combats the impacts.
The existing structures have been strengthened and ductile to withstand the seismic waves. The technologies minimise on the deformations caused. Structures of such properties may not necessarily need to be expensive. They have been built such that they can survive the earthquake and simultaneously maintain the extent of damage. The similar buildings that adopted methods were the Cathedral of our Lady of the alongside the Acropolis Museum (Elnashai, 2015, p.154).
The seismic retrofitting has been carried out on the existing structures in the earthquake prone zones. This process includes the modification of the building to improve its resistance to the seismic waves. The research as established that earthquake-proof structures do not exist but the earthquake performance of a building can significantly be improved during design phase and the subsequent modifications but the performance of the structure can be greatly improved during the design or subsequent modifications
The failure modes were observed and a close examination revealed two effects, soft story effect and soil liquefaction. In the soft story effect structures collapsed due to the absence of enough stiffness on the ground (Dowrick, 2009, p.274).
In the soil liquefaction, the structures collapse due to the hydrostatic pore of water that are excess hence non-uniform settlement of the structure after the construction and this leads to tilting of these structures during the tremor. It was the cause of collapse of a building in Niligata, Japan in the year1964.
This process (soil liquefaction) was as a result of the non-uniform soil consolidation. The soil consolidation occurs when stress occurs is applied to the soil hence making it to get compacted together. If there was a lot of water, it will be squeezed out in a particular side and this destabilises the structures (Khan, 2013, p.231).
Seismic Retrofitting
The earthquake engineering has tried to solve these problems by making improved seismic performance of the adobe construction. The considered factors include the following;
Quality of the construction, a very compact and box-type layout and a seismic reinforcement
The sand and limestone structures have been reinforced through application of modern technology of retrofitting to improve on the survivability of the initially unreinforced structures (Elnashai, 2015, p.152). A good example of this is the Salt Lake City and county building in Utah that taken through seismic upgrade to protect it from the damage by the earthquake.
The earthquake engineering employs the use of timber framing in which the buildings are provide with their complete skeletal framing made of timber. Light frame structures also gain seismic opposition from the rigid plywood. Their walls and drag struts helps to distribute the shear load along the diaphragm.
The knowledge of the earthquake engineering enabled successful erection of reinforced structures that are geared towards minimizing the devastating impacts of earthquakes. Reinforced concrete have steel of fibres integrated improve on their strength properties e.g. for the construction of the bridges (Lagunov, 2016, p.165).
The use of dampers is installed in the high-rise buildings and often swings as a pendulum. These swinging pendulums which are thousands of metric tonnes minimize the amplification of the resonance of the lateral movements that results from earthquakes. The hysteretic dampers are of different types e.g. fluid viscous dampers (Fardis, 2011, p.215).
Use of steel structures has been adopted as the most current technology in checking earthquake and following applications of the earthquake engineering in areas prone to earthquakes. Despite steel being perceived as resistant to earthquake, sometimes failures do occur which is inclusive of the brittleness property of frame of welded steel in structures. This has led to the emergence of pre -qualifying cyclic test that seeks to check on the suitability the steel in terms of ductility (Marsh, 2013, p.320).
In some cases the building or the structure may be isolated from the effect of the seismic waves using engineering techniques. The base isolation normally prevents the kinetic energy from being transmitted or transformed into elastic energy in the building. It involves the rubber bearing technique, springs that uses damper base isolator among others (Chorro, 2017, p.145).
Conclusion
The earthquake engineering has helped in numerous lives especially in the areas that are fond of earthquake attacks. The theoretical examination of estimating the performance of seismic waves is often achieved through computer simulations. This technique depends on the congruence of multiple patterns which sometimes may not necessarily be a reflection of the truth. The research called for both field observation as well as analytic examinations in order to come to a substantial conclusion. The findings from the experiment demonstrated the conventional concepts with regard to the work under review. The communication platforms allow the researchers to share their findings on the topics they have been doing study on. The data should be securely stored, organised and if shared then on the standardisation framework. Through collaboration that has been witnessed among various colleagues, better solutions have been developed in light of problem at hand. As a result of the inaccuracy that realized when just a single method is targeted, hybrid solution is recommended. Numerical analysis has been one of the methods that is commonly used in the examination of seismic performances.
References
Chorro, S.I., 2017. Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures XI. 5th ed. Sydney: WIT Press.
Dowrick, D.J., 2009. Earthquake Resistant Design and Risk Reduction. 2nd ed. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
Elnashai, A.S., 2015. Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering: From Source to Fragilit. 2nd ed. NEW York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fardis, M.N., 2011. Role of Seismic Testing Facilities in Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering: SERIES Workshop. 4th ed. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Gioncu, V., 2010. Earthquake Engineering for Structural Design. 5th ed. Liverpool: CRC Press.
Hori, M., 2011. Introduction to Computational Earthquake Engineering. 4th ed. London: World Scientific.
Khan, M.A., 2013. Earthquake-Resistant Structures: Design, Build, and Retrofit. 5th ed. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Lagunov, M., 2016. Earthquake-resistant Structures: Design, Assessment and Rehabilitation. 7th ed. London: Scitus Academics LLC.
Marsh, M.L., 2013. Performance-based Seismic Bridge Design, Issue 400. 4th ed. London: Transportation Research Board.
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