Designing An Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle: A Comprehensive Review And Proposed Model

State-of-the-art/Literature Review

Discuss about the Designing an Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle.

One of the most desired technology of the current era is the robotics. The attention that the technology in consideration is enjoying is because of the significant amount of benefits that the subject t is offering to the sector it is employed in (Willcocks and Lacity 2016). The current benefits are not the only reason that is making the discussed technology desirable. The prominent advantages that the technology is proposed to cite on the industries is making it desirable. One of the such brainstormed assistance from the technology in consideration is the security advantage that it is capable of offering in different risk situations (Lujan et al. 2018). One of such situation is the obstacle avoidance which will be of great feasibility in the mining industry, road security, space expeditions and other prominent sectors which is risky and not entirely feasible in nature for human persuasion (Kehoe et al. 2015). The discussed impact is not untouched and works have been conducted on its implication however, low adoption ratio of the impact cites that there is still work that needs to be assessed on it. Hence, the aim of the proposed paper is to identify the obstacle avoidance robots in existence or proposed and identify what improvements or based on the identified model propose an obsolete model. Additionally, the impact that integration of the obstacle avoidance robots with the AI (Artificial Intelligence) will also be discussed. The sections following has discussed the steps and approaches based upon which the research work will be pursued before concluding proposal.

Robotics is the future of the working approach (Du et al. 2017). The technology in consideration cannot be limited to one assistance because as the number of complex and hazardous works are increasing the demand for automation is increasing. The call for automation is answered by the robots (Li and Ng 2017). Different robots have been developed by the scientists, industries and other prominent robotics expert to assist in different work zones. From industrial robots to humanoid robots, surgical bots, obstacle avoidance robots, military robots and several others (Cully et al. 2015). The subject that the review of the literature has been done on is the obstacle avoidance robots. The review of the literary work will assist in identification of the gaps in the research field of the obstacle avoidance robots and based upon the gaps the research questions for the proposed paper will be developed that the proposed research work will pursue.

Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals

Obstacle avoidance is one of the most primary task that is expected from the movable robots (Milde et al. 2017). The deemed task ensures that the robotic platform is safe while also ensuring the safety of the surrounding entities (user or the objects). The uses of movable or mobile or kinetic robots has expanded itself to different genres that includes the medical industry, automated vehicles and other prominent genres. Montiel, Orozco-Rosas, and Sepúlveda (2015), in their paper have discussed the prominent advantage that the technology in discussion can offer in the medical care. The focus they have drifted in the paper reflects on the use of movable robots in the medical industry and how they can assist conducting surgeries on the human parts that are inaccessible or risky to access by the surgeons and other medical associates (Aamer and Ramchandran 2015).

 However, the application of the obstacle avoidance robots has not proven to be successful in nature because accidents have been reported in almost all sectors of application. The failure of automated driving car from tesla or the deaths that are linked with robotics surgery (BBC News 2015; Grane 2018). Another potential disadvantage that has been identified through the review of the literary work on the obstacle avoidance robot is that most of the robots generally stops on identification of the obstacles or consumes too much time and in cases wait for the instruction from the user to proceed on alternative path (Bhagat et al. 2016). The review has also made certain cases available where due to conflicting results the robots malfunction leading to a financial and in specific scenarios threats for humans and its surroundings (Krishnan 2016).

The review of the literary work on the subject has revealed that the obstacle avoidance robots are facing some difficulties and are not ready for the implication in the real world scenario (Dimitrov, Sherikov and Wieber 2015). Additionally, the models that are proposed for the remedy of the of the identified problems are also not completely feasible in nature. The feasibility of the remedies is being constrained by the factors such as economy, technology, size and others (Hauser 2014).

Based on the gaps identified by reviewing the literature on the subject and post analyzing them the following research questions have been developed that are in accordance with the aim of the proposed paper.

?         What are the most feasible obstacle avoidance robots in existence and what improvement can be made in them?

Theoretical Content/Methodology

?         Is the merger of the robots and the AI (Artificial Intelligence) feasible in nature and what is the status, enablers and constraints for the merger?

?         Do other technologies such as BCI can prove to be more vital or are there any constraints that will block the technological implications?

The primary goal of the proposed paper can be stated in two different steps. The first step is to evaluate the status of the proposed obstacle avoidance robots (or in existence) and identify the shortcoming of the models. The next step of the primary goal is to propose a model that is free of the identified shortcomings and also is feasible in nature.

The sub-goals of the paper are to identify ways through which the identified challenges can be omitted in the process enhancing the capability of the subject. The most looked after approach will be attempts to integrate the OAR (Obstacle avoidance robot) with the AI. The reason for the pursuing such goal is associated with the fact that several researches has suggested that AI are capable of mitigating the risk associated with a system and in the process also enable them to attain some miraculous feats (Ng 2016; Stanvniychuk 2017).  A review over the association of robots over the technologies such as the BCI (Brain Computer Interface), cloud, next generation cars and others will also be done.

The motivation for the proposed paper was developed from the recent cases of self-driving cars (its success and flaws) and the death toll counts due to robotics. The focus that the robotics are enjoying in the industries and the surge that it had offered to the mechanical works of an industry is also a subject that needs to be discussed (Matos et al. 2016). The reason for the above made statement lays based on the fact that devising of an adequate obstacle avoidance robot will enable the robots to earn movability in the industry which will enable them to leverage the technology and improve their productivity (Susemihl et al. 2016). The complete summary of the research work conducted on the subject and aim of the proposed paper will be summarised in a research report and will be submitted at the completion of the work.

The robotics are being upgraded from static jobs to the kinetic jobs that needs movement and one of the most prominent example is the search & rescue robots (Matos et al. 2016). The path of the robots is filled with uneven lands, plantation and other prominent ecological things which acts as obstacle for the movement of the robots. Though the subject is used in such mission which proves that they can be used however, several reports are also available of robots destroyed on a mission without human intervention which cites the need for development that the subject needs (Chang 2016). Hence, from the discussion above the first hypothesis can be developed “H1: The practical implication of the OAR is not a feasible idea unless a model is developed adequately with capability to cope up with the environment and avoid the obstacle faced by it during missions.”

The robots have been integrated with different technologies and the results reveal that the outcome of the merger was effective and efficient. One of the such example is the integration of the robots with the cloud which proved to be of prominent benefit for the employing industry (Mohanarajah et al. 2015). Another notable fact is that the automated OAR are programmed to avoid obstacles and integrating it with the AI would enable its capability in performing the task. The reason for the above stated statement lays base on the fact that AI will enable the robots to make decisions in certain situations in which a non-AI robot might malfunction. Hence, the second hypothesis can be developed which states “H2-AI will improve the performance and safety of the OARs.”

BCI is one of the most prominent technology that have been brainstormed to have prominent impact on different industries. Similarly, other disruptive technologies such as the ultrasonic sensors and similar technologies are establishing themselves as one of the key requirement of the technological advancement. Collectively the technologies have more powerful impact and hence the question in consideration is whether or not the merger of robots will have prominent advantage in avoiding obstacle. The answer to the discussed question seems to be yes however, the architectural, financial and other factors can constrain the impact. The BCI is very costly and also no adequate structure for the same have been designed on the contrary, the ultrasonic sensors have been found to have negative impact on the environment and humans (Leeb et al. 2015; Baaka et al. 2017). Additionally, it may also create trouble in communication of other systems which limits its advantage. Hence, based on the discussion above the third hypothesis can be stated “H3- The disruptive technologies can enhance the capability of the robots in avoiding the obstacles however, the constraints (social, ethical financial, architectural) needs to be mitigated first.” 

The proposed paper will review the literary work and the models that are proposed by different scholars and identify the shortcomings that needs to be answered depending upon the findings a strategy will be developed to answer the shortcoming. The strategy will be considering different part of the subject in consideration along with the sub-strategy to omit the identified shortcomings. The first step would be to design the circuitry of the system, followed by the controlling codes and learning capabilities. The sensors would be attached to the circuit in the next step which will be succeeded by the development of the mechanical parts before finally connecting the circuit and the mechanical assembly electrically. The discussed steps are kept brief in nature because of the uncertainty in existence as the problems with the existing systems has not been identified. Additionally, the AI integration of the existing systems may be capable of mitigating the shortcomings and hence the vagueness. The complete strategy and approaches will be submitted in the final assignment.

For the data collection the secondary data will be collected through the online academic libraries such as the university library, google scholar and others internet means. The philosophy for the paper will be interpretivism which the approach will be inductive. Additionally, some software tools such as MS VISIO and others will be used for modelling and other purposes which will be mentioned in the final submission. 

The expected outcome from the proposed paper is an OAR model that poses very less or no shortcomings in its application. Additionally, the system should be feasible for the real world applications. Another outcome expected from the research paper in consideration is the status, enabler and constraints of the disruptive technological association with the robots that are capable of amplifying the latter’s impact. The table below have cited the relevancy of the hypothesis with the research questions:

Conclusions

The proposal can be summarised to state that the OARs in existence are not completely feasible in nature because certain instance have been witnessed post its application in the real world scenario. It should also be noted that the aim of the paper is to propose an obsolete OAR model which is free of the shortcomings that are in existence. The discussed research work is of great vitality because of the prominent advantages that OAR is capable of offering. From the healthcare mission to expedition in unknown locations and many other industries can be benefited from an adequate OAR and hence, it would be justified to state that the proposed research work is feasible in nature. Additionally, the paper will also investigate the performance improvement of the OAR after association with the disruptive technologies which will pave ways for the future researchers to get an in-depth knowledge about the subject and proceed accordingly. Hence, in conclusion the selected research work is in dire need and will have prominent benefits.

References

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BBC News. (2015). Robotic surgery linked to 144 deaths. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-33609495 [Accessed 23 Jun. 2018].

Bhagat, K., Deshmukh, S., Dhonde, S. and Ghag, S., 2016. Obstacle Avoidance Robot. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), 5(2), pp.439-442.

Cully, A., Clune, J., Tarapore, D. and Mouret, J.B., 2015. Robots that can adapt like animals. Nature, 521(7553), p.503.

Dimitrov, D., Sherikov, A. and Wieber, P.B., 2015. Efficient resolution of potentially conflicting linear constraints in robotics.

Du, Y.B., Wang, D.H., Tan, L. and Wang, C.J., 2017. Design and analysis on the live working robot system. In Design, Manufacturing and Mechatronics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Design, Manufacturing and Mechatronics (ICDMM2016) (pp. 418-426).

Goodall, N.J., 2016. Can you program ethics into a self-driving car?. IEEE Spectrum, 53(6), pp.28-58.

Grane, C., 2018. Assessment selection in human-automation interaction studies: The Failure-GAM2E and review of assessment methods for highly automated driving. Applied ergonomics, 66, pp.182-192.

Hauser, K., 2014. The minimum constraint removal problem with three robotics applications. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 33(1), pp.5-17.

Kehoe, B., Patil, S., Abbeel, P. and Goldberg, K., 2015. A survey of research on cloud robotics and automation. IEEE Transactions on automation science and engineering, 12(2), pp.398-409.

Krishnan, A., 2016. Killer robots: legality and ethicality of autonomous weapons. Routledge.

Leeb, R., Tonin, L., Rohm, M., Desideri, L., Carlson, T. and Millan, J.D.R., 2015. Towards independence: a BCI telepresence robot for people with severe motor disabilities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 103(6), pp.969-982.

Li, R.Y.M. and Ng, D.P.L., 2017, July. Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker’s Safety and Health. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 31-36). Springer, Cham.

Matos, A., Martins, A., Dias, A., Ferreira, B., Almeida, J.M., Ferreira, H., Amaral, G., Figueiredo, A., Almeida, R. and Silva, F., 2016, April. Multiple robot operations for maritime search and rescue in euRathlon 2015 competition. In OCEANS 2016-Shanghai (pp. 1-7). IEEE.

Milde, M.B., Blum, H., Dietmüller, A., Sumislawska, D., Conradt, J., Indiveri, G. and Sandamirskaya, Y., 2017. Obstacle avoidance and target acquisition for robot navigation using a mixed signal analog/digital neuromorphic processing system. Frontiers in neurorobotics, 11, p.28.

Mohanarajah, G., Usenko, V., Singh, M., D’Andrea, R. and Waibel, M., 2015. Cloud-based collaborative 3D mapping in real-time with low-cost robots. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 12(2), pp.423-431.

Montiel, O., Orozco-Rosas, U. and Sepúlveda, R., 2015. Path planning for mobile robots using Bacterial Potential Field for avoiding static and dynamic obstacles. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(12), pp.5177-5191.

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