The Pragmatic Critique Of Corporate Criminal Theory

Origins, Development, and Spread

Discuss about the Pragmatic Critique of Corporate Criminal Theory.

The implementation of Egalitarian in the American culture has been highlighted in the study. The influence of this culture has been wide spread in different sector in that has been discussed in the study. The term egalitarian means to create an equal platform for everyone and thus provide equal rights to all the people. The use of effective cross-cultural teams to provide a source of expertise and creative thinking to bolster competitiveness for businesses is important in today’s corporate world. Culture appears to be one of the most important element that defines the relationship between people. The interactions of culture lead to development of new ideas and paradigms that define new definition of a society because of the associations between new people. According to Waldo (2017), culture disparities interfere with effective completion of business deals in the modern world comprising multicultural business community (45). Businesses operates in a competitive environment, the appealing consumers, and other significant stakeholders to their services and products is the primary focus for productivity. Introduction of Egalitarian in this culture benefits the society to grow and expand with a different morality thus enhances the scope for proper business management and culture. In the words of Price and Mintz (2013), the value system influence human thinking acting, feeling, and perception of institutions in predictable ways (23). The Americans are unique people in the way they focus on different issues using their self-cultured philosophy. Egalitarianism is a critical aspect of the American culture. The philosophy rests on the belief that all human beings are equal and no one deserves discrimination for any reason. Indeed, there are differences in American society, but the collective understanding of equality underlies several social associations in the society. However, after taking several decisions for equality and integrity among everyone, a gap is created between the classes discriminating the different standard and level of human class.

The thesis states that the people of America are affected by the theory of Egalitarian and it affects the social, cultural principles of the people. It states that how egalitarian has become an important factor influencing the business culture in America.

The trajectory of egalitarianism in America derives from mid-20th century during the civil wars between the colored and the white population. According to Waldo (2017), America has a rich history of race and struggle for equality (32). The civil rights societies in the mid-20^th century galvanized the community to end discrimination in the society. The need for democratic participation of all regardless of their color and gender was at the center of several liberty movements mushrooming amidst adverse conditions of the minority tribes in the country. The campaigns for civil rights led to an intensification of social change as individuals realized that they could challenge the rulers in all lifestyles. People started voicing concerns over freedom, identity, war, democracy, and peace. The late stages of the 20^th century saw an escalation of democratic calls and universal suffrage. The participatory democracy called for inclusion of all in matters election and choice of leaders. The efforts were meant to be inclusive in a way they could steer the formulation of policies affecting the society without locking others because of the gender or race. The passage of the fourth amendment was a paradigm shift agenda that led to the diversification of human rights in the country through giving the right to vote to all people and laid the ground for an inclusive society (Price and Mintz, 2013, p.31). Therefore, it is from the intricacies of human suffrage and freedom for that the American society emerged into becoming an egalitarian state.

Regional Variations

America is among the most successful and thriving egalitarian society in the history of the world. The foundation of American society on the ism of equality for all has made it possible for them to surpass harsh political, economic, and social upheavals. Indeed, the country is the most prosperous and powerful nation in the world today. The big question concerning the state of American society as seen today lies in the philosophical foundations of such a stable country. In the words of Evans (2013), the roots of America order run deep in the Hebrew and Christian belief and focus on moral life (906). The mid-21st century marked the establishment of the American moral philosophy with ideas of Charles Pierce, John Dewy, and William James playing a central role to harness the pragmatic views to forming a moral foundation in the country (Stewart, 2013, p.265). For them, the classical method of arriving at decisions was dowdy, and it was time to challenges the isms of the thoughts. Therefore, they found pragmatism as the sure way of understanding things as it went into considering the social concerns before embarking on decision making or moral considerations. The denied the subjective perception of ideas and disputed it o the foundation that it lacked a system of check that would validate and justify actions.

The foundation of the pragmatic belief made it possible for the Americans to realize the contribution of the society in the welfare of all. Indeed, the morality of actions and decision purely depended on the consent of the people and their approval. Without this deliberation, a decision made would only serve the interests of a people submerging the concerns of the majority who may not have the ability to engage in policy deliberations (Stewart, 2013, p.274). The anchoring of the foundations came from the experiments of law and liberty enshrined declaration of United States independence and the laws of the land. The roots of freedom and equality in the American society derive from the works of great thinkers. For instance, Alexis de Tocqueville made a significant effect on the contemporary state of equity and justice in the United States. His advocacy for equality emphasized on finding a degree of freedom that would satisfy all people without dissatisfaction. The laws material circumstance and morality of a nation led America to the path of success (Price and Mintz, 2017, p.19). Tocqueville came to underline the significant of equal and just society in making social prosperity.

Regional Variations

One of the most essential element that present disparities in business practices is language orientation and cultural values. According to a study conducted by Kooyers (2015), regional differences affect the way people perceive and interact with others and in case there are disparities, there might be bring communication barriers among business partners (10). The most fascinating thing about the use of language disparity is that it is an objective indicator of cultural differences. For instance, English and Spanish speaking communities have a different way of interaction and cultural embrace. According to Huggins and Thompson (2015), Hofstede perspective of individualism and collectivism ideals, most English speaking nations are considered more individualistic compared to the collective Spanish nations (137). The two major languages in the United States are Spanish and English making the country experience different levels of cultural observance. Indeed, the spread of other languages such as Chinese and French makes it more complicated to understand the cultural relationships among people in the country. Therefore, there is an enormous regional imbalance of culture and philosophical foundations in the American society that has a significant impact on the business relationships. Notably, the spread of Spanish influence on perception of people in the United States is overwhelmingly intricate. The Americans paying focus to individualism emphasize on making deals from a personal point of view without considering the insights or the social good. Thus, doing business in Latin America will be more appealing because of their collectivist idea that bolsters mutual benefit. On the other hand, doing business with non-Latin Americans may be more unfriendly as they pursue to satisfy their ego without critical focus on the status and benefits accrued to the business partner. In a region of diversity like America, it becomes easier for one to choose who they want to conduct business with.

The United States is a multicultural society because it draws people from all over the world. English and Spanish are trhe most popular languages in the United States although German and Hebrew are common. The colonization of the new world brought the state of the country regarding language and cultural diversity. For example, the Chicago region uses German, as there are many German immigrants in the area. Indeed, the United States does not have a native language in the contemporary times. However, it becomes essential not to forget the many indigenous languages spoken by the original inhabitants of the country. In the words of Fishman (2014), there exists no native language in the United States among the 26 most popular languages in the country (52). Indeed, the Navajo language, the widely spoken native language in America has about 170 thousand speakers. It has become difficult to nurture and cultivate the growth of local languages in the United States because of the ever-growing number of immigrants and the need for globalization of the society (Braine, 2013, p.74). The table below shows the distribution and rank of languages in the United States. Apparently, English, Spanish, and Chinese are leading the levels.

The growth of science and technology has affected every sphere of human life. Most developed nations have embraced technological advancements to help them keep up with modernity. In the words of Morrison (2013), the United States is the world leader in science and technology when compared with other nations (463). Indeed, the country attracts a vast number of venture capital, awards the most advanced degrees, and offers the most business, monetary and IT services. Moreover, the America is the leading producer of high-technology manufacturing sectors. The business sector is the leading research and development performer in America. For instance, in 2015, the industry accounted for 70% of the total 495 billion dollars in revenue (Leamer and Storper, 2014, p.65). The investment in science and technology in the United States rises every year attracting a sizable increase in the sector. The situation renders the growth of American society in the business sector more than the rest of the world. Comparing with the world’s second-largest economy, china, the United States is far beyond in technological index although the earlier is rising at an alarming rate. China may topple America in technology in the near future, as its high tech manufacturing is almost the same level with that of the United States (Morrison, 2013, p.469). However, in the contemporary times the United States enjoys high technology and leads the way in technological advancement in all sectors including space exploration, manufacturing, construction, and nuclear technology among others. No one knows but the future will unfold and give way for the future of science and technology in the world, and some of the emerging strong and fast-growing economies may have outdone America.

Sports and community culture in the United States are significant aspects of the American society. Indeed, they are indispensable when it comes to the influence on a plethora of public spheres comprising mass and economics media. American sports coincide with the values of the community and political institutions as it embarks on defining the moral and ethics associated not only to the athletes, but also to the totality of society (Jtecenkins, Ford, and Green, 2018, p.56). The American sports supporters see a reaffirmation of the critical societal values through sports and cultural engagement as it gives meaning to their lives. The spectators participate in certain types of pleasures that aim at fulfilling their desires through prurience, fetishism, and self-admiration (Wicker and Hallmann, 2013, p.119). The Americanization of sports and community culture is something that both the fans and consumers depend on to provide a means of entertainment. The comprehension of Americanization of sports is significant in understanding the unseen cultural and community elements possessed by many athletes. The norms and the values of the society are tainted by the athletes throughout the United States who have the notion that the American fans act as a foundation for the expression of personal ideas into the human society. American sports and community culture is a competitive activity, and every individual believes that there is the significance of placing value in all games that creates impacts among their supporters.

The American society creates sports and community cultures based on their economic and social values and systems. The system acts as a connotation of the overall significance to the global fans. Indeed, the American philosophy while engaging in sporting activities is to compete with the aim of providing themselves with a sense of achievement at the expense of others failure(Wicker, P. and Hallmann, 2013, p.126). Americans are known for their proficiency of in film industry that reflects their love for culture and diversity of their community. For instance, the influence of the black art and literature coupled with the Spanish culture has made America more popular in films and music industry. The proliferation of the American music industry owes much of its success to the multicultural society in the country (Jenkins, Ford, and Green, 2018, p.62). Another field of sports that American has prospered in is basketball, and the contribution of African American cannot be scorned. Undoubtedly, the United States sports and community culture has made tremendous success, and they win more appeal all around the world.

The automobile industry has played a crucial role in shaping the Americans lives. The industry has influenced the form and density of the American society and stretched the range of travel every day. According to McKenzie (2014), about 80% of American workers commuted to work by private vehicles in 2013 (8). These statistics show the high demand for automobiles among the American during their commuting engagements. The use of private cars among the American is a cause for concern it represents a disruption in a clear, long pattern of augmented automobile commuting. According to a report focusing on the patterns of commuting by private vehicles in the United States, there are differences in rates of automobile commuting by critical demographic features such as race, gender, ethnicity, and age (Zhang et al., 2014, p33). Therefore, the demand for automobiles in the United States is significantly high owing to the increased need for people to use private cars instead of other means of transport. The interchange among people, services, and goods provide the building blocks of the American economy.

The industrialization of the American economy is the blueprint that creates the foundation of the use of personal vehicles as most of the country is developed. Indeed, the American automobile industry is among the most developed in the world and owing to the improved infrastructure and ultramodern roads; the citizens cherish good network in transport (Zhang et al., 2014, 37). It becomes essential to highlight that the American automobile and commuting industry grows at a high rate than any other in the world because of the rising population and standards of living in the country. The rise in the number of working people is also an instigator of vehicle use and commuting among the citizens of the nation (McKenzie, 2014, p.16). Unlike most of developing nations and the western world, Americans have created a wide range of employment opportunities, and few people work from home making it inevitable for them to buy automobiles for commuting to work and home.

Cultural disparities have a tremendous impact on business activities in the global market trends. However, many organizations continue underestimating the power of social perceptions in many ways undermining the effectiveness of the business strategies. Literature documenting cultural intricacies and the impacts they have on the success and failure of businesses and organizations is tremendous. Notably, aesthetic considerations are time and place specific demanding that new business entrant’s survey to establish the nature of the new market to provide goods and services that attract and coincide with the people beliefs and customs in the specific region (Hopkins and Spillane, 2015, p.425). The American people have a different moral foundation that defines them as Americans. Therefore, it becomes essential to conduct an analysis of the American culture with a critical focus on the aspect of egalitarianism with the emphasis of establishing the effects it has on the business environment (Fehr, Glätzle-Rützler, and Sutter, 2013, p.372). The egalitarian cultural aspect of the Americans affects how the Americans carry out business with others, and it creates opportunities and barriers to both sides of the business interaction.

Notably, several issues have burgeoned the American society into an unsafe community because of the transitions and changes in their value system. The rising trend of technology has become a breeding place for numerous unethical practice that becomes catalyst social dysfunctions. Indeed, many regard the United States, as the ideal example for modernity in the contemporary world but the reality is opposite. Most Americans have expressed dissatisfaction in the current state of their nation because of several issues (Wirt, 2017, p.23). One of the sociological problem affecting the American society is the unequal distribution of wealth. Notably, the issue of privatization in America is a hot debate because opportunities have been limited to those who can afford them. Therefore, wealthy people continue to become wealthier while the poor become poorer. The issue of poverty is shocking among Americans with around 17% of the citizens living below the federal poverty line (Kluegel, J.R. and Smith, 2017, p.67). Indeed, the number of people living below the poverty line is increasing every day in the country creating an enigmatic situation to the government and the people. The problem of unequal education opportunities is another factor in the American society. The government has failed to support education for all and the first 12 years compulsory is not enough to bring equality of education for all (Wirt, 2017, p.17). The inevitable result of the unequal opportunities in the American has led to increased crime and incarceration of most youths especially forms the colored communities. The increased technology has also led to health problems among the Americans because it is difficult to find safe and natural food to counter the increased processed foods in the country. The issues addressed under this section are a piecemeal of many sociological problems affecting the Americans.

The American military culture is a blend of internal and external experts. Americans have a strong military culture. In the words of Fallows (2015), the changing American strategic outlook has led to the creation of a separate world of the military (75). The new world of is in contrast to the increasing pacifist and easygoing civilian society based on results and emotional extreme. The new military culture in the United States is a development of the strategic events rather than the social edifice. Indeed, the American dream and the army culture are to preserve military expertise that comprises of army conscripts raised to respond in times of war. The new military order is different in that it all volunteer and it is an authoritarian and group-oriented entity. Moreover, the military men are supposed to be disciplined, aggressive, physically arduous making it a profession of males. In the words of Echevarria (2014), the American military culture is organized around values and principles regarded by the civil society as anachronism or deprivation (19). The discipline and professionalism level in the current military in the United States is extraordinarily high.

Militants are superior to the civilians they protect because they are highly trained professionals and proficient with high tech devices. Indeed, Echevarria (2014) says that the military culture of the United States has turned to become a technological hub making it the best in the world (39). The firm values of the military are inevitable and necessary in the strategic world we are living today. Indeed, the United States has led the war against terrorism using its military power and conquered many threats to its national and world security. The sharp distinction between war and peace do not exist anymore, and the soldiers are called to fight regularly and be always ready for battle (Fallows, 2015, p.81). The United States has led in funding military operations making it possible to create a reckonable force. Notably, America sources for its military personnel across the world making it possible for them to have a diverse cultural military able to traverse different terrains and bring back victory on several occasions.

The United States gun culture is worrying. In the words of Kalesan et al. (2016), most Americans have blamed perpetrators of gun violence for mental illnesses (217). The debate surrounding the American gun culture continues with minimum focus on the policies for gun ownership. According to Barkun (2013), the culture of guns in the country contributes significantly to increased misuse of the firearms and violence (89). Indeed, the absence of control among the producers of guns has made the efforts to curb spread of gun violence futile. The United States is saturated with firearms and it comes first in the global index with the illegal and lawful ownership of guns among the civilians (Kalesan et al., 2016, p.219). There is a rising production of firearms in the country with data showing that in 2016 alone gun manufacturers in the country produced 10.6 million weapons. There is laxity in the policies and legislation to curb the production of firearms. The need for personal safety is given for the spread and legalization of gins in the country but more often, many weapons end up in the wrong hands heightening crime in the society. The increased trend of weapons production without the intervention of the government makes it impossible to control the sales of the firearms to the wrong people. For instance, the production of rifles has increased from 1.4 million in 2005 to 4.2 million in 2016 (Barkun, 2013, p.76). All these activities make to possible for firearms to take charge and escalate violence in the society. The tables below show American ranking in the spread of weapons in the world and the firms producing firearms in the country.

The United States government has several roles in the economy and the political life of the citizens. The different levels of government play different roles all meant to provide service delivery to the people (Lowi et al., 2015, p.233). For instance, the provision of direct services such as the postal system is a responsibility of the federal government. However, state government has the role of ensuring that construct and maintains most of the highways. Both the federal and state governments share the responsibility to cater for education needs of the students. The local government also carries out the mandate to provide security for the people. Government branches such as the Congress and Federal Reserve System control the extremes of bust and boom and ensure that there is stabilization of the economy (Finer, 2017, p.153). The effort to maintain economic stability involves adjustment of the taxes, money supply, and credit. The aim of the activities is to attain a balanced federal budget sustainable for development. Another important responsibility of the government in the United States is to ensure that it offers help to the needy through support programs. For instance, the government permits tariffs services and products to reduce competition and support investment in the areas. The subsidy of commodities also makes it possible for the citizens to have access to products at lower prices and supplement their expenditure. Other roles that the United States government engages in is to give grants, provide medical care to the needy.

The United States is the most advanced democracy in the world. The entrenchment of liberal democracy in the American society has made it easier for people to deliberate on issues of national concern. Indeed, the proliferation of freedom of speech and media is a factor that elicits public participation in matters governance. Today, the United States is grappling with political issues that meet the threshold of state and federal concern (Perloff, 2013, p.24). One of the political factors that attract political address is health care provision with the current regime promising to overhaul the Medicaid scheme during electioneering period. Notably, the dynamics of power shift in the country has brought far-reaching effects on the political situation with the Democrats appearing to be top cynics of the current leadership. The political situation is a cause of an alarm because the government has found it at the receiving end owing to the policies it advocates frequently finding itself in the courtrooms where most of the decision enacted have been suspended (Finer, 2017, p.167). The political landscape in the United States have never been so fragile as unemployment and other concerns has heated the debated for the role of the government in ensuring that its citizens are contended. The rise of terrorism is another political enigma in the United States with the inimical attacks on civilians eliciting public and political outcry (Hrebenar and Scott, 2015, p.43). Another contested issue among the political elites and the public is the issue of immigration. The government has been clear that it has to prevent migrants from the Muslim world from entering America for safety and security if the people. Most of the issues debated in the United States political arena today usually take a subjective point of view making it hard effective political settlement of the disputed factors. It has become difficult for the country to make strides in the prevailing political environment.

Conclusion

Thus to conclude it can be said that the United States is under various challenges and opportunities. The fact that the country is a multicultural society makes it very fascinating to study its environment. The history of the making of the social and cultural heritage owes to the development of language and influx of immigrants in the country. The development of an egalitarian society in the United States is a result of the need to harness the different races with different cultural values into a peaceable community. Indeed, there has been success in creating a coherent society although several challenges continue to linger. Notably, social, political, and economic difficulties have tested the stability of America over time. The introduction of this culture has created a platform for other cultures to introduce themselves there. The adjusting capacity of the people have been enhanced and the country is able to accept outsider easily into their culture due to the introduction of Egalitarian culture. The issues surrounding employment, health and terrorisms have become a hot debate today. People have even questioned the ability of the government to ensure the safety of its citizens. However, the country remains one of the most prosperous nation in the world appearing second to none. Although other countries such as china have posed a threat to the position of the United States in the global ranking, only time with telling whether they will topple the united states or not.

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