ENVS2003 Environmental Management And Sustainability

Communication which refers to the exchange of ideas has been one area that has had the heavy weight in as far as the functionalities of ICT is concerned. Communication is done at faster, more efficient form and not exempt the easiness involved. The advances in technology have made it easy for the people to pass on information from one point to the other (Pedrero et al, 2017).Thanks to the availability of cell phones, the social networking websites like the case of Facebook, Instagram, to mention but a few, the use of electronic mail, the instant messaging that has been enabled by the use of the messenger app which is compatible in both co putters and in cell phones. The advances in technology that have taken less than a decade despite the impression and achievements they have brought to the world of communication, there are still more efforts to improve on the already existing wonderful projects in relation to making communication better.

ICT also plays an important part in the transformation of participation of citizens as well as delivery of tracking alongside influencing decision making and execution by government. Supportive ICT is essential infrastructure; government commitment as well as active citizenry as indicated in the diagram below will lead to successful implementation of a sustainable hybrid government.

https://ihub.co.ke/blogs/4185 

It is at no doubt that Information Technology plays the most vital role in the use of technology for communication.   Information Communication Technology has had huge impacts on communication both in the positive and in the negative way. It has helped in the improvement of communication in greater areas but to an extent has led to the emergence of a number of problems to communication as a whole. Communication has had the best attention in as far the inventions in the computer technology fetches (Barr et al, 2017). The computer technology has helped in making communication safer and secure from intrusion as technology has gone an extra mile to develop security programs and soft wares for detection of malwares and protect information from access by an authorized people.

The above diagram shows the impact of ICT on sustainable development. It is about computing and sustainability. It holds that where ICT is applied effectively, the rewards might remain huge. It will help enhance creativity as well as innovation to solve the society problems, build societies, give more individuals access to good as well as services and precise utilization of much more effectively.  

Businesses in the current operations have employed the use of the computers in their communication services as it is faster to communicate as the information passed across the relevant parties are accurate and reliable. On this it is way clear how ICT which integrates the use of computer functionalities in the improvement of businesses.  ICT has brought up revolution in the businesses. The availability of the internet has also ensured that customers have access to a range of products and variety for choice. Businesses can now get access from different clients from all over the world, irrespective of the part of the continent one hails from (Pedrero et al, 2017).

ICT has also brought up change in which people used to communicate. People send e-mails unlike the former times that people passed across information by use of letters through postal services. The use of the mails also has reduced the cost of communication and as computers are portable and can easily be accessed and their availability in various forms and sizes ranging from the mobile phones, laptops and desktops. ICT has made people to easily access information over the internet thus leading to development of laziness amongst the users. This may be taken for negative impact to the society but on a general look, the move has positive impact to communication and to people than the negative

There are more advantages than disadvantages that ICT has brought to communication but we cannot dispute the fact that there are disadvantages. It is true that communication through the help of Information Technology has greatly improved but we need to weigh the same against the demerits the same has brought to communication. The inventions in Information Technology have rendered communication that is faster, easier and cheaper in terms of rates as compared to former means of communication distracting as well as less clear Pedrero et al, 2017).

Advancements in the aviation technology have increasingly enhanced the automation in aircraft systems thus leaving pilots with little to do. As a result, their basic flight skills have diminished since many of the operations are performed automatically. Moreover, pilots have increasingly become unable to gain enough experience due to continued use of autopilot technology. Auto piloting renders some significant manual aviation skill obsolete in the long run. Consequently, the autopilot has increased chances of an airplane crash in the event of complete automated system malfunction or erroneous disengaging. The aforementioned has let to neglect of the manual piloting skills necessary in maneuvering as well as supplementation of auto piloting.

The dependencies on innovative technology to maintain flight conditions during emergencies create hazards in flight operations. Standard procedures that pilots acquire in manual training to regain control of an aircraft have diminished. Emergency situations often present numerous challenges to the pilots. Pilots find it perplexing to restore monitoring of the plane due to the complexity of technology and reducing manual piloting skills (Puentes, 2011).

The chart below can be used to reiterate the impact of ICT on sustainability. As seen below, sustainable development relates to technological innovation that influence economic through resources (BAT), social via information (ICT) and environment through climate change. ICT can be used to influence the policies for sustainable economic development as show in the diagram below:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267748514_The_role_of_technological_innovation_in_sustainable_economic_development 

This project will evaluate automation systems utilized during flight operations and how it impacts on aviation hazards. The study will focus on aviation accident and their causes across the world. Though the aircraft systems have increasingly become reliable, a high percentage of accidents are still caused by human error and automatic system failure. It is evident that there have been reduced cases of flight accidents in the recent years. The project will illustrate the trends in the aviation industry in as far as flight accidents and technology is concerned. 

The research would take an approach as guided by the suitability of the data so obtained in coming up with  viable predictions from inferred data. The periods obtained will form a major frame work for references as it contributed to a greater intervention in technological advancement in the aircraft industry.  An evaluation of accumulated Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) reports will be used as a source of data from the year 2005 to 2015. This period is selected due to high technological advancement in aviation. The reports will provide data about flight processes that mainly depend on technology.  The reports will also be used to determine the number of accidents arising from pilot’s failure to use technology effectively.  

The number of accidents that will be realized in the aviation industry as a result of the neglect of the human skills at the expense of the technological advancements and the computerization of the systems  that are viable to propulsion of the main engines of the aircraft. Manual skills forms a main area of focus despite the intrusion of technology and its plenty advancements in aircraft. Aviation accidents will be the dependent variable of the study. Aviation accidents are of economic significance, and their minimization is vital. Passengers’ safety is crucial as well as organizations bottom-line.  The independent variables of the research will be technology advancement and human error. These two factors highly influence aviation safety hence relevant to the project.

The statistical analysis used will gather data from both NTSB as well as FAA reports and cross-examine what accidents occurred when pilots depend on technology. The assumptions for using ANOVA in this study are; the residuals are normally distributed, and the data samples are independent. ANOVA requires sample sizes of greater than 15 for each group if the number of groups is from two to nine. If the number of groups is from 10 to 12, then each team needs to have a sample size greater than 20. ANOVA can test the response (aviation accidents), which is called the dependent variable and the factor variables (technology and human error), which are independent

ANOVA will be used to analyze the variation in the means for three or more variables (or groups) for statistical significance. The statistical significance shows that more than chance is (or is not) involved in the behavior being analyzed. An F-ratio value indicates the difference between conditions and effect when it is statistically significant. ANOVA is a parametric test, so it is more sensitive than non-parametric tests like Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Squared Rank Tests (Guthrie, 2010). The assumption for parametric tests is that the data has to be normally distributed. The means can be tested and then compared because a ratio is calculated by the ANOVA model to analyze multiple groups (Frost, 2015). Parametric tests are considered to have more statistical significance and feasibility than the non-parametric tests (Frost, 2015).

Pilot error type is the particular human error that led to the accident. The error will be measured by classifying the flight data. Both the dependent and independent variables will be measured using parametric ratios. The accumulation of the analysis will be at 95% Confidence Interval (CI) with relation to ANOVA and correlation analysis. ANOVA compares the mean values of several variables at one time, whereas the correlation test and postulate the nature, and strength of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Besides, Regression Analysis will help determine whether a linear relationship exists between the variables of interest.

The power is related to accurately rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false (Behl et al, 2017). ANOVA is more advantageous as it helps to reduce random variability, highlights interaction between variables and utilizes a smaller sample size. To test the distribution other tests in ANOVA can be used such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov test or producing a graph called the regular quartile plot. The mean variances of gender to the number of accidents can be compared, but causality is not necessarily implied. The problem with using the t-test for all the variables that can enter into this study is that Type I errors to engage in the analysis of multiple groups of mean variances. The test for the type two error would also be carried out to help in the determination of the best fit data to help in showing the difference that there exist in the event of analysis (Park, 2005).The statistical tests for determination of the distribution as stipulated by the analyzed date would then be used to provide the right outcomes for the study. Statistical

The two sample t- test employed in the data analysis is for comparisons of the means as stipulated earlier in the hypothesis. The technique has also employed the use of charts and histograms for evaluation of the results in the easiest way possible. It will also help the user to get a pictorial representation of the findings as they are from the qualitative data as presented in the findings(Behl et al, 2017).  

Information Communication technology has played a major role in the transformation of communication and other major sectors in as far as human development is concerned. It is worth noting the improvement and the development ICT has contributed towards the making communication amongst humanity which form the major framework of the users. Information Technology has transformed the manner in which businesses, formal and informal communication and other infrastructural related practices in different dimensions operate. It has called for the utmost attention of the top notch brains of the world in making communication better by the invention and creation of devices and soft wares that are geared to making communication faster, easy, convenient and reliable (Pedrero et al, 2017).The merits that have been brought forward by Information Technology speak for themselves as institutions across the divide have adopted the same. The banking sector forms the mostly affected part of the deal as it has the best ICT facilities in the coverage of communication both for their clients and foe its internal operations. It is also worth noting the research that is ever in progress across the globe in institutions of learning that are all aimed at making communication and the related factors better  all to better humanity. In wake of working out the necessary steps in improving communication, it is also prudent enough to consider the negative factors that the advancement in communication with the aid of ICT have on humanity. The advancement in ICT breeds along malwares that are detrimental to information which is the basis of communication (Behl et al, 2017).  It is therefore required that counter efforts in same measure be put in place to avoid any destruction that can arise in the long run.

Barr, N., Vania, D., Randall, G., &Mulvale, G. (2017). Impact of information and communication technology on interprofessional collaboration for chronic disease management: a systematic review. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy.

Behl, A., Sheorey, P., Nayak, S., & Kumar, V. V. (2017, March). Role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Participatory Democracy: a Forerunner to an Egalitarian Society. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (pp. 107-116).ACM.

Pedrero, P. E., Ruiz, S. D. L. J., Rojo, M. G., Llanero, L. M., Pedrero, A. J., Morales, A. S., &Puerta, G. C. (2017). Information and Communications Technologies (ICT): Problematic use of Internet, video games, mobile phones, instant messaging and social networks using MULTICAGE-TIC. Adicciones, 806.

Plumb, J. J., Hains, I., Parr, M. J., Milliss, D., Herkes, R., & Westbrook, J. I. (2017). Technology meets tradition: the perceived impact of the introduction of information and communication technology on ward rounds in the intensive care unit. International Journal of Medical Informatics.