Biological Macromolecules, Elements Ratio, Function, Monomer, And Examples

Biological Macromolecule

Elements Ratio

Function

Monomer

Examples

Functional Group(s)

Carbohydrate

-ose

(Marshall et al. 2014)

CHO

1:2:1

– Short term energy storage for metabolism

– Structure (cell walls & exoskeletons)

-Makes food more favorable

-Fat oxidation

-Help cellular recognition process

Monosaccharide

-Glycogen

-Chitin

-Cellulose

-Glucose fructose galactose

-sucrose lactose maltose

-OH

Lipids

(Nelson 2013)

CHO

1:2:very few

– Store large amount of energy

– Structure (phospholipids are major component of cell membrane)

-Source of vitamins A, D, E, K fat soluble )

-Protection of organs by generating heating

-Act as chemical messenger

Glycerol and fatty acids

-Fats

-Oils

-Waxes

-Cholesterol

-Triglyceride (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)

—CH2

—OH

Proteins

(Alberts et al. 2013)

CHON

No ratio

(Amino and carboxyl groups present. Can be identified by the presence of peptide bond )

– long term energy storage

– Provisional of structure support

-Responding to stimuli

-Storage and transportation of molecules

-Body regulation- Formation of antibodies to strengthen immune system

-Creation of hormone and Enzymatic activity –catalytic reactions

-Synthesis and DNA and repair

-Signal transduction

Amino acids

(Leucine, Alanine, isleucine, valine and others)

Enzymes

Structural protein

—COOH (with long hydrocarbon chain- R-more than 16 C long)

—NH2

Nucleic Acids

(Rodwell et al. 2015)

CHONP

No ratio

(Nucleotides are made of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group)

-Storage of genetic material

-Transmission of genetic or hereditary information from one generation to next generation

-Protein synthesis with the help of ribosome and RNA

Nucleotides

DNA

RNA

1 Nitrogen Base,

1 Phosphate,

and 1 Sugar.