The Load flow explanation of an electrical power system offers voltages at all the buses, power flows and losses in the lines at specific levels of power generation and loads. The outcomes of load flow analysis are cast-off in load predicting, system scheduling and operation. Essentially, system engineers execute load flows on a day-to-day basis with varying system configurations, load patterns and producing settings to comprehend the performance of the system at diverse operating circumstances.
To develop a simplified radial load flow analysis program and perform a study on a low voltage distribution feeder and observe the impacts of varying real and reactive power flows, fluctuating loads, embedded solar PV generation and energy storage on the network’s performance. .
Let the Sbase=10KVA and Vbase=240v/phase=415v/line
|
BUS NUMBER |
REAL POWER |
REACTIVE POWER |
PHASE CURRENTS |
BUS VOLTAGES |
|
1 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
2.3073 |
415 |
|
2 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
2.3073 |
415 |
|
3 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
2.1041 |
274.1 |
|
4 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
1.8863 |
332.9 |
|
5 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
1.6536 |
493.3 |
|
6 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
1.4061 |
661.6 |
|
7 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
1.1447 |
438.86 |
|
8 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
0.8708 |
421.5 |
|
9 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
0.2952 |
439.44 |
|
10 |
0.9 |
0.436 |
0 |
411.25 |
|
BUS NO |
PHASE CURRENTS |
BUS VOLTAGES |
|
1 |
1.7856 |
415 |
|
2 |
1.6229 |
322.9582 |
|
3 |
1.4499 |
341.0636 |
|
4 |
1.2667 |
431.7459 |
|
5 |
1.0737 |
541.6766 |
|
6 |
0.8716 |
646.1511 |
|
7 |
0.6614 |
735.3562 |
|
8 |
0.4448 |
804.806 |
|
9 |
0.2236 |
438.98 |
|
10 |
0 |
478.24 |
|
BUS NUMBER |
Phase_currents |
Bus voltage in Kv |
|
1 |
4.6005 |
0.415 |
|
2 |
4.4048 |
0.8911 |
|
3 |
4.1757 |
1.3887 |
|
4 |
3.9024 |
1.8684 |
|
5 |
3.5691 |
2.3196 |
|
6 |
3.153 |
2.7336 |
|
7 |
2.6215 |
3.0998 |
|
8 |
1.9365 |
3.4042 |
|
9 |
1.1133 |
3.6273 |
|
10 |
0 |
3.7457 |
|
BUS NUMBER |
Phase_currents |
BUS VOLTAGES in KV |
|
1 |
1.7747 |
0.415 |
|
2 |
1.6129 |
0.5044 |
|
3 |
1.4418 |
0.6333 |
|
4 |
1.2614 |
0.7679 |
|
5 |
1.0723 |
0.8936 |
|
6 |
0.8755 |
1.0035 |
|
7 |
0.6729 |
1.094 |
|
8 |
0.4689 |
1.1628 |
|
9 |
0.2769 |
1.2083 |
|
10 |
0 |
1.2295 |
|
BUS NUMBER |
Phase_currents |
BUS VOLTAGES |
|
1 |
2.7638 |
0.415 |
|
2 |
2.5396 |
0.3222 |
|
3 |
2.2875 |
0.4601 |
|
4 |
2.0104 |
0.6686 |
|
5 |
1.7129 |
0.8717 |
|
6 |
1.4004 |
1.0497 |
|
7 |
1.0788 |
1.1954 |
|
8 |
0.7554 |
1.3057 |
|
9 |
0.45 |
1.3784 |
|
10 |
0 |
1.4123 |
From the results the voltage drop across the feeder reduces because of the low flow of current. The voltage profile across the feeder depreciates with time. This is because the supply of power from the embedded system decreases with time.
The maximum load reduction is 28.95kVA. the storage capacity of the storage system should be greater than 250 kJ.
|
BUS NUMBER |
Phase_currents |
BUS VOLTAGES |
|
1 |
4.0221 |
0.415 |
|
2 |
3.8197 |
0.4779 |
|
3 |
3.5863 |
0.8308 |
|
4 |
3.3139 |
1.2193 |
|
5 |
2.9921 |
1.5925 |
|
6 |
2.6078 |
1.9347 |
|
7 |
2.1461 |
2.2354 |
|
8 |
1.5946 |
2.4841 |
|
9 |
0.9582 |
2.6693 |
|
10 |
0 |
2.7796 |
|
NODE 1: |
||
|
BUS NUMBER |
Phase_currents |
BUS VOLTAGES |
|
1 |
3.8065 |
0.415 |
|
2 |
3.5956 |
0.3739 |
|
3 |
3.354 |
0.687 |
|
4 |
3.0749 |
1.0489 |
|
5 |
2.7499 |
1.3953 |
|
6 |
2.3692 |
1.71 |
|
7 |
1.9235 |
1.9833 |
|
8 |
1.4078 |
2.2063 |
|
9 |
0.8328 |
2.3698 |
|
10 |
0 |
2.4656 |
|
NODE 2: |
||
|
BUS NUMBER |
Phase_currents |
BUS VOLTAGES |
|
1 |
3.8084 |
0.415 |
|
2 |
3.6445 |
0.3889 |
|
3 |
3.4036 |
0.7062 |
|
4 |
3.1248 |
1.0728 |
|
5 |
2.7991 |
1.4245 |
|
6 |
2.4163 |
1.7447 |
|
7 |
1.966 |
2.0234 |
|
8 |
1.4421 |
2.2512 |
|
9 |
0.8546 |
2.4187 |
|
10 |
0 |
2.5171 |
|
NODE 7: |
||
|
BUS NUMBER |
Phase_currents |
BUS VOLTAGES in Kv |
|
1 |
4.0747 |
0.415 |
|
2 |
3.8691 |
0.5018 |
|
3 |
3.6318 |
0.8642 |
|
4 |
3.3544 |
1.2587 |
|
5 |
3.0262 |
1.6369 |
|
6 |
2.6336 |
1.9833 |
|
7 |
2.2644 |
2.2873 |
|
8 |
1.6888 |
2.5492 |
|
9 |
1.0151 |
2.7454 |
|
10 |
0 |
2.8625 |
|
NODE 10: |
||
|
BUS NUMBER |
Phase_currents |
BUS VOLTAGES in Kv |
|
1 |
4.4008 |
0.415 |
|
2 |
4.2013 |
0.6778 |
|
3 |
3.9687 |
1.1075 |
|
4 |
3.6934 |
1.5474 |
|
5 |
3.3615 |
1.9671 |
|
6 |
2.9539 |
2.3533 |
|
7 |
2.4453 |
2.6949 |
|
8 |
1.8093 |
2.9787 |
|
9 |
1.0516 |
3.1887 |
|
10 |
0 |
3.307 |
From the results the best position for the storage unit is to located at node 10 since it causes the profile of the feeder network to be almost flat.
From the calculated results it can be observed that the voltage profile in a LV feeder depends on the impedance of the cables, the power drawn by the loads connected to the feeder. Embedded solar-PV and battery storage units helps to almost maintain a flat load curve. The storage units should be placed at the extreme node of the feeder away from the source. It will make the system to appear to be in a ring hence the effects of peak loading of the feeder reduced.
References
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Musirin, I., & Sulaiman, S. I. (2015). Recent trends in power engineering: selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2015 9th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO 2015), March 18-19, 2015, Melaka, Malaysia. Pfaffikon, Trans Tech Publications. Available from; https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1060570. Date of Access; 8th September, 2018
Nagsarkar, T. K., & Sukhija, M. S. (2016). Power System Analysis: Power System Analysis. New Delhi, Oxford University Press India. Available from; https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpPSAE0003/power-system-analysis. Date of Access; 8th September, 2018
World Bank. (2013). Vietnam Power Sector Generation Options. DC, Washington. Available from; https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12860. Date of Access: 14th May 2018
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