Ethics in Information Technology
United States is a highly secure and safe country. Many things are necessary for security of nation, such as valid identity of every citizen. Eligibility document is necessary for residence as well as employment. In present time, information systems are very secure and highly accreted. According to Law, every country has specific rules for employers and employees for employment. United States also has law for employment that applying to every companies operating in the United States. They permit only valid persons, who are legally permitted to work in the United States. Following to this law, all employers of United States must complete I-9 form and retain it. It is for employment eligibility verification for each employees, whether he or she is citizen and noncitizen of United States. An employer must complete Form I-9 of all employees, whether the documents related to the employee and reasonably appear to be genuine. There are many rules and regulation of employers for each employee but this is necessary to individual worker in companies (Reynolds, 2011).
In the next part of this report, it will discuss about E-verify system and different things, which are necessary for employment in United States. In addition, I will discuss about advantages of information technology role in this verification system. In this report, it will discuss about ethics in information technology. The use of Internet is increasing day by day. There are many advantages from Internet but still some drawbacks of Internet related to personal data. Many unauthorized users are accessing personal information from internet unethically (Bélanger & Crossler, 2011).
Ethics are just set of rules for establish behavior of person for a society. In these rules, some statements are there for behaving in society. These are moral codes for a person related to their behavior with other persons. The term morality, explains about what is right or wrong in a particular situation (University, 2018). There is a minor difference between Ethics, Moral, and law. Morals are one’s personal beliefs, while the term ethics describes about behavior of an individual or group, such as profession, nation, and company. If system tells about what we can and cannot do to us that is a Law. There are four basic approaches to dealing with ethical issues, such as Virtue ethics approach, Common good approach, Utilitarian approach, and Fairness approach (Mason, 2017). They have their own principles to deal with ethical issues (Alter, 2001).
E-Verify System
Therefore, it is necessary to all organization to secure personal data of all employees and well as customers from unethical users. I am taking an example of Microsoft. Microsoft has four pillars of trustworthy computing such as security, privacy, reliability, and business integrity (Stair & Reynolds, 2013). In case of Information system, they always have a goal to secure personal information of a client. Now a days cloud computing services are so popular for many type of services, such as infrastructure, platform, and online service for data storage or processing the data online (Kizza, 2007). IT organizations are having rules and regulation according to laws of their particular country to secure data and information at their end. There is still many issues are occurred but different approaches are used to solve them. Particular policies and MOU’s are signed between organization and client about data and services (Introna, 2007).
E-Verify are information system software for verification of employee’s documentation. It is run by the Homeland security. This system is use for employment authorization to allow employers to hire new employees. It is Internet-based system, which is electronically verifying documents of newly hired employees. Different types of documents are verified by this system, such as United States passport, permanent resident card, photo ID card issued by a local, state, or federal department, Social Security card, and birth certificate. This software compares information between United States government records and employee’s Form I-9. If all relevant documents are matches, then the employee is eligible to work in the company. If documents are not matches from records than an alert send to the employer and employee have eight days to resolving this issue at specific department related to particular document. There will be no termination of employee during these eight days. Government agencies further research on the mismatches off documents ( Reynolds, 2018).
First time this was applied at Arizona State by the Supreme Court. It is mandatory to all employers to use of E-Verify. There are different results of this law in various States. Uses of E-Verify were at different levels, such as country level and city level. E-verify use was increasing rapidly by the number of employers. It was almost double between 2010 to 2012. There was an immigration bill proposed that, it was required to all companies with 500 and more employees to adopt this system within next three years by the United States Senate in 2013. It was adopted by 226,538 employers in 2010 and 404,295 employers in 2012. In 2010, E-verify conducted by a private company on behalf of the United States Citizenship and immigration Services that analyze E-Verify system was inconsistent in 4.1 percent of initial responses. From 4.1 percent, 3.35 percent of workers are not actually eligible to work but it shows authorized and 0.75 percent workers not authorized but they were in fact authorized (Reynolds, 2011).
By 2012, however, E-Verify were more consistent and it reduces the percentage from 4.1 to 1.35 only. E-verify have a limit that, the system cannot detect all cases of identity fraud. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has conducted many raids for found unauthorized workers at different companies and in case of Howard industries of electrical transformer plant at Mississippi, they found 600 employees are working in campiness behalf of someone other documents. E-Verify system has less than 100 percent accuracy rate. This system also identify about fraud identity of many workers. A new tool is used to verify photo of employee that will make E-Verify more accurate. This photo tool was implemented by ICE, in which photo in government record and photo at form I-9 matches. Also for accuracy of E-Verify, system different government databases may be integrated.
There are some issues with accuracy of E-Verify system, use of E-verify system will lead to discrimination, and it will harm authorized employees. In case of human resources department, they thought it is an additional work for them, such as updating personal records, follow-ups, and managing all records in a well manner. E-verify system is a problem for those companies, who are doing unauthorized work from not eligible workers, which are citizen or noncitizen of that country (Reynolds, 2011).
There are so many IT projects are occurred with different feature for development of country and they increased overall growth of country and reduce long procedures for verification process. They also save time and free form unnecessary work of human resources department employees.
According to this case study, implementation of such type of information system, which is highly inbuilt with new technologies based on Internet, is more useful for stopping unauthorized people for employment. It is also integrate the information of additional government databases, which makes it more accurate to found out, whether the employee is authorized and unauthorized for employment at United States. As an example, photo tool is advancement in the E-Verify system and it makes it more accurate. There are many advantages of E-Verify system for the security purpose of United States. This is not a big task to manage by a company. This is also useful for companies, such as employee is valid for employ or not. According to survey, E-Verify are most useful and accurate system for verification of employees at various companies. It gives an eligibility to a worker to work anywhere in United State (Mingers & Walsham, 2010).
In case of minor business, it is not beneficial but if any company having 500 and more than 500 employees then it should be mandate for that company to use E-Verify system. As an owner of a minor business, they should use E-Verify system to verification of employees that they are authorized or unauthorized for employ in the companies of United States. This will help to my company, for identifying employee real identity (Jin, et al., 2007).
According to survey, uses of E-Verify information system at big level organization and government departments. It will be very useful and beneficial for the companies as well as at country level. Only authorized person will work in any company or state. It is also better in case of noncitizen person. Although, there is many valid ID proof for security purposes, such as driver’s license, Social security number and residential proof (Wright, 2011).
E-Verify system is integrate different databases of government agencies, which a personal information of all citizens of country and for noncitizens, it collect data from immigration services. Therefore, this information is so helpful for verification of data at deeper level. Verification is a process of employment just before employment in every private and government agencies. So, making it little bit fast, Internet and software used to verification. At the end it is clear that unauthorized persons work in many companies and they can be harmful for companies itself in future ( Matteo & Floridi, 2009). In this E-Verify system, such types of facilities are provided by using Internet and it is simple to use by anyone. It provides all options for verification different types of documents.
Conclusion
It is concluded from previous part of this report that, accurate E-Verify system was very useful for large organization and government agencies. In addition, E-Verify will be more accurate in future time for verification process. It makes an easier process for employer that, they are hiring authorized employees in their company. In some cases, it produce big level of unemployment, but according adopters of E-Verify system that, they believe it should be used to ensure about their workers. Ethics are just like protocols for behavior in different condition and various places according to their need. It is also concluded that use of different approaches to deal with ethical issues.
Finally, it is concluded that ethics in information systems are beneficial for employers and employees also in different perspective, such as security, reliability, scalability, and productivity. E-Verify system is just a way to follow rules for employment nothing else.
- Homeland security and ICE department applied verification of employees is must to large organization, such as E-Verify are mandate to every organization in US.
- Companies must use Internet-based photo tools and biometric devices to avoid unauthorized entry in the system.
- For growth of organization and nation, always supports new system to improve reliability
- Integrate data and information to public based system with use of Internet for making system more accurate.
- Always consider Laws, Ethics, and Morals in daily life or professional life, which are necessary to every citizen or non-citizen.
- Accuracy of a system in not an issues sometimes, as they give result more than 95 percent.
References
Mason, R. O., 2018. Four Ethical Issues of the Information Age. [Online] Available at: https://www.gdrc.org/info-design/4-ethics.html[Accessed 18 September 2018].
Matteo, T. & Floridi, L., 2009. The ethics of information transparency. Ethics and Information Technology, 11(2), pp. 105-112.
Reynolds, G., 2018. Ethics in Information Technology. 6th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Alter, S., 2001. Information systems: Foundation of e-business. 4 ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR .
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Introna, . L. D., 2007. Maintaining the reversibility of foldings: Making the ethics (politics) of information technology visible. Ethics and Information Technology, 9(1), pp. 11-25.
Jin, K. G., Drozdenko, R. & Bassett, R., 2007. Information technology professionals’ perceived organizational values and managerial ethics: An empirical study. Journal of Business Ethics, 71(2), pp. 149-159.
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Mingers, J. & Walsham, G., 2010. Toward ethical information systems: the contribution of discourse ethics. Mis Quarterly, 34(4), pp. 833-854.
O’Brien, . J. A. & Marakas, G. M., 2005. Management information systems. 6 ed. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Quinn, M. J., 2010. Ethics for the information age. 4 ed. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Reynolds, G. W., 2011. Ethics in information technology. 5 ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Stair, . R. & Reynolds, G., 2013. Principles of information systems. 11 ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
University, U., 2018. Ethics in IT. [Online] Available at: https://www.it.uu.se/research/project/itethics [Accessed 18 September 2018].
Wright, D., 2011. A framework for the ethical impact assessment of information technology. Ethics and information technology, 13(3), pp. 199-226.
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