Efficient And Secure Dynamic Auditing Protocol For Data

History of Computer Networking

In the theoretical aspect, the computer networking is a way of studying and analysing the communication process which is used by the computer system. This computer networking is used for communication purpose among various type of commuting devices independent of their operating system [1]. This computer system may be connected with each other by wired medium or by wirelessly to exchange resources and information between them. These communication technologies are also developing with the time and serving better than the previous one. In this paper, the history of the computer networking will be discussed. Followed by the history the present situation of the computer networking will be discussed and a future overview of this networking will be shared.

The main backbone of the computer networking is the internet. In the present time, the internet is the communication medium for millions of peoples. This internet technology is not only connecting the peoples but also it is helping the businesses and organizations to connect with each other.

In early stages, it was not the easy task to implement the computer networking technology. For the communication purpose, the first teletype machine was introduced in the year of 1940 [2]. After that, the first concept of the internet was introduced as the ARPANET. This ARPANET was introduced in the year of 1961 by the Leonard Kleinrock [3]. In the next year, the time sharing system was introduced for the communication of a huge computer system. Also, at the same time, the Bell Labs was able to introduce a computer system which was used for managing and routing telephone connections. In the next evolution of the computer networking, TCP/IP networks were introduced for the commercial services. After that, until now various types of devices are introduced for the computer networking such as modems, DSLs and broadband.

(Figure 1: Development of Internet)

(Source: Google Images)

The two main layered architecture of the networking is the OSI architecture and the TCP/IP architecture. This two layered architecture works on some basic protocol. This TCP/IP protocol is the type of communication protocol. The total number of layers present in the TCP/IP model is four [4]. This protocol interconnects the networking devices on the internet system. This type of communication system is also used for a private network system.

The OSI model of network architecture has a total number of seven layers integrated into it [5]. This seven layers together build a logical and conceptual design which can define the network communication system. Each layer of the OSI model has some kind of functionality and mainly divided into two part which is the media layer and the hot layer. Each layer of the OSI model transfers the task to its advance layer for the further progress.

Chronological Development

(Figure 2: TCP/IP and OSI model)

(Source: Google Images)

The first mouse was invented in the year of 1964 which was only having a wooden shell, two of the metal wheel and a circuit board. Then for more convenience, the ball mouse was introduced. This ball mouse was having a set of wheel for the X-axis and for the Y-axis. In the present generation, most advanced mouse is used which is the laser mouse. It works on the laser technology which is more convenient to use.

In the case of evolution of the keyboard, the keyboard has also progressed a lot better compared to its predecessor. In early cases, the keyboards were not having any type of shell to protect it. Then a properly structured keyboard was introduced by the IBM which was the model M keyboard. Now the keyboards are very much advanced as it has various types of shortcut options and multimedia keys.

 A huge change can be seen in the GUI, or the graphical user interface part. In early times this type of interfaces was only having some texts or the command line interfaces needed to be used. Present generation GUI system is way more advanced as it has various type of animations and it is also very much user friendly [6].

In the present days, many types of network protocols are used for the betterment of the internet technology. The mainly used protocols are the TCP/IP protocol, DHCP protocol, ARP protocol, FTP protocol and the routing protocols. This routing protocol divided into two parts. One is a static protocol, and another one is the dynamic protocol. The main use of the static routing is directing the network traffic in a manually selected way while the dynamic routing uses various types of protocol which can automatically determine the paths for different types of network traffic [7]. The protocols used by the dynamic routing are the EIGRP, OSFP, BGP and ISIS. A common network always uses the dynamic protocol for automatically redirect the network traffics. In this case, the OSFP protocol is used. On the other hand, the static protocol can provide a permanent gateway. The following table will discuss some more present protocol technologies of the internet.

The following table will compare the past, present and the future internet speeds.

With the time the technology is improving way lot better compared to the previous generations. The inbuilt touch screen facilities can give delightful experience to the user. By using this type of machines, the user can directly interact with the system. The implementation of the touch screen gives the device a cleaner and much better look [8]. Also, it becomes convenient to carry. In the case of new mobile apps, it can give online facilities like shopping, food supplying, cab booking and many more services.

Analysing the recent technologies, it can be confirmed that the future networking will see a vast development in the aspect of network coverage and internet speed. Beside that many more changes can arise in the field of a computer network such as IPv6 protocol replacing the IPv4 protocol [9], DNS system becoming obsolete and may the routers and broadband system become obsolete. Besides the growth of this technology some computer network related technologies will also grow. These technologies include the software defined network, cloud computing environment and the intelligent networking.

As discussed in the above section the networking technologies may see major growth in the field of cloud computing, intelligent networking and in the field of SDN. In the following table, a brief about this future networking technologies will be elaborated.

(Figure 3: Cloud Computing Architecture)

(Source: Google Images)

Conclusion:

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the computer networking has a major impact in the present time. The whole world totally relies on the internet, without the internet service half of the communication services in the world will be collapsed. The computer networking system has simplified the life of the humans. In this paper, it is shown how the cloud computing system will take a huge role in the future networking system. Besides the future technologies present day technologies also has been discussed and with that, the uses of those technologies also have been discussed. Followed by the discussion internet technologies of the present, past and future are discussed. In the present and future generation, the computer network has some positive influence which will help the community to develop new high-tech technologies.

References:

1. Kurose, James F., and Keith W. Ross. Computer networking: a top-down approach: international edition. Pearson Higher Ed, 2013.
2. Becker, Joseph. “Telecommunications primer.” Information Technology and Libraries2, no. 3 (2013): 148-156.
3. Russell, Andrew L., and Valerie Schafer. “In the Shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s.” Technology and Culture55, no. 4 (2014): 880-907.
4. Goralski, Walter. The illustrated network: how TCP/IP works in a modern network. Morgan Kaufmann, 2017.
5. Bora, Gaurav, Saurabh Bora, Shivendra Singh, and Sheikh Mohamad Arsalan. “OSI reference model: An overview.” International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT)7, no. 4 (2014): 214-218.
6. Ghahremani, Esmaeil, and Innocent Kamwa. “Optimal placement of multiple-type FACTS devices to maximize power system loadability using a generic graphical user interface.” IEEE transactions on power systems28, no. 2 (2013): 764-778.
7. Yang, Kan, and Xiaohua Jia. “An Efficient and Secure Dynamic Auditing Protocol for Data Storage in Cloud Computing.” IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst.24, no. 9 (2013): 1717-1726.
8. Jain, Anjul, Diksha Bhargava Bhargava, and Anjani Rajput. “Touch-screen technology.” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (IJARCSEE)2, no. 1 (2013): pp-074.
9. Deering, Steve, and Robert Hinden. Internet protocol, version 6 (IPv6) specification. No. RFC 8200. 2017.
10. Arora, Rachna, Anshu Parashar, and Cloud Computing Is Transforming. “Secure user data in cloud computing using encryption algorithms.” International journal of engineering research and applications3, no. 4 (2013): 1922-1926.
11. Kirkpatrick, Keith. “Software-defined networking.” Communications of the ACM56, no. 9 (2013): 16-19.

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