Transnational Actors and National-Level Policy Development
1. To begin with, International relations enables all the nations to collaborate with one another, exchange resources when needed, and also at the same time share information during the time of facing any kind of global issue which goes beyond any particular region or any specific country. The existing global concerns that get mitigated with the help of international relations include pandemics, terrorism, and major concern related to the environment (Keohane and Nye 2015). In simple words, it could be said that International relations could be seen as the study of the relations of states with one another and also at the same time with the international organizations and certain subnational bodies such as interest groups, bureaucracies, and political parties. Now, in order to maintain this harmony, there are multiple aspects connected to international relations which come into play when needed. One such important aspect is transnational actors and their imperative role in the whole setting. This essay will primarily talk about and will evaluate the importance of transnational actors in world politics. The way in which they play a significant role will be discussed thoroughly in this paper which will help the readers with a better understanding of international relations as a concept.
It could be identified that, early from the 1990s, there has been significantly a mounting amount of research and journal papers that have suggestively talked about the substantial impact of transnational actors on national-level policy development. It is needless to mention that National Policies are seen as the core key actors of Government mechanism, which is the way in which the entire government of a country works and adding to that, it also needs to be stated that such specific policies enable in stimulating the rural economic development and also at the same time fuels the growth of the rural economy. Starting right from the IMF (International Monetary Fund) to the World Bank and also the OECD (Organizations for Economic Co-operation and Development) along with the international organizations and a few other specific transnational actors tend to play an imperative role by enabling them with policy advice to form the final national policies (Stone and Ladi 2015).
Apart from that, it could be seen that the transnational actors also tend to help in the formation of national policies by providing financial and technical support to the almost maximum number of countries all around the world (Fumasoli, Stensaker and Vukasovic 2018). From this observation, it could be easily realized that transnational actors have a great impact on the process of policy development which are the basics of government mechanism and also the channels that they implement for certain countries for policy formulation are the important part of the entire setup (Blanton and Kegley 2020). Certain journals have also claimed that based on the observations made in relevance to global politics is that transnational actors tend to exercise significantly maximum amount of their power on the country policy as it could be seen that they are taking the role of idea shops, global think tanks and also at the same time of the policy entrepreneurs. The vital aim of any public policy is to enable the society with the option of transnational actors are playing an important role in relevance to the entire mechanism for developing an economic-social system, which could also be seen as a technique for defining the future and so on.
Understanding the Theories Related to Transnational Actors
Now, the fact that needs to be stated is the relevance of the theories connected to that of the transnational actors, and ways in which this theory helps us to understand the different perspectives need proper relevant discussion. It could be seen that there are significantly two dominant theories in connection to that of the role that the state tends to play in the setting of international relations. Two relevant theories tend to highlight and are based on one concept, however, the implementation of the same tends to be different as compared to that of the other theories in relation to international relations.
As a matter of fact, it could be identified that Neorealism tends to significantly accentuate or give major to the state as it tends to play the supremely essential part when it comes to the concept of the international arena. Furthermore, it could be realized that on one side of the coin, the state owns sovereign power, and this gets mainly implemented in order to assure domestic security (Alden and Aran 2016). Whereas on the other side of the coin, it could be seen that neorealism also at the same time tends to give significant importance to the state as it could be seen that it also impacts the entire economy in connection to that of international relations.
Based on this particular observation, a set of realizations could be stated and the very first observation that has been made is that neoliberalism not only specifies that the state is the foremost performance entity in connection with that of the international system. Apart from that, it could also be seen that it tends to assert the part of non-states, which could be specifically identified under transnational organizations and also different international organizations (Marchetti 2016). It also tends to include several other kinds of social organizations. The primary reason that such relevant type of organizations has developed to be further substantial determinants of foreign policies of the state, is based on the fact that they are considered as the by-product of an intensified globalization process (Ford 2018). Apart from that, it could also be seen that global politics is that transnational actor which tends to exercise significantly about the maximum amount of their power on the country policy as it could be seen that they are taking the role of idea shops, global think tanks and also at the same time of the policy entrepreneurs.
Based on the realism theory that has already been identified it could be tentatively said that the sovereign country (for example we can take Ecuador, has to make sure that all the human rights are being properly implemented, and also at the same time they have the authority to do so). Therefore, based on this observation it could also be identified that transnational actors of world politics are not directly connected, whereas they are merely secondarily responsible for human rights obligations and that too, through the implementation of the government regulation (Béland, Orenstein and Orenstein 2009). On the contrary, it also needs to be highlighted is that based on the reputation of foreign investment, especially in connection to that of the developing countries, it could be seen that the developing countries are surely not able to track the obligations that they have under any circumstances. For instance, it could be seen that Texaco, which tend to have global retributions, which are around four times as compared to that of the size of the GDP of Ecuador, could be seen that they are specifically competent to function “as a state unto itself” (López and Vértiz 2015). Based on the discussion that has been carried out, the two theories related to transnational actors are significantly clear, and also at the same time, it could be identified even under the circumstances where the transnational actors are creating an impact on the majority of the global factors, which helps the readers to understand the importance of the transnational actors.
Another factor that needs to be highlighted is that it could be seen that there is the prodigious impact of the NGOs, which is again one of the most important transnational actors and which tends to surface the tussle for rights humans, also this tends to occur due to the response to requirements which are generally not satisfied by the state under certain circumstances. It could also be seen that civil society organizations are significantly finding alternate resolutions and harmonizing to the complete advance of further inadequacies and they are significantly specific in their nature (Willetts 2001). The fact that cannot be questioned under any circumstances is that the role that is being carried out with innumerable developmental plans in order to assist the promotion of the community development-oriented management. Therefore, it could be identified that the pressures that tend to be exercised by such relevant administrations are supervisions reacting discourse problems identified, which are generally identified and also at the same time criticized by them.
On a concluding note, it could be stated that the essay has been able to thoroughly explain the primary reason behind the claim that transnational actors are the bodies of utmost importance based on the impact they tend to have on world politics. The various channels through which they tend to function have also been discussed in the paper for a thorough understanding of the readers. Lastly, it is important to mention that, based on the severity of its influence on the global policies based on which the government of the countries is structured, it needs to state the importance of the area of research that has been conducted. The discussion that has been carried out in this paper is properly backed with relevant information which is again taken from reliable sources which in turn makes this paper a reliable source of information for the readers.
References
Alden, C. and Aran, A., 2016. Foreign policy analysis: new approaches. Routledge.
Béland, D., Orenstein, M. and Orenstein, M., 2009. How do transnational policy actors matter. In Annual Meeting of the Research Committee (Vol. 19).
Blanton, S.L. and Kegley, C.W., 2020. World politics: Trend and transformation. Cengage Learning.
Ford, L., 2018. Transnational actors in global environmental politics 1 (pp. 28-46). Routledge.
Fumasoli, T., Stensaker, B. and Vukasovic, M., 2018. Tackling the multi-actor and multi-level complexity of European governance of knowledge: Transnational actors in focus. European Educational Research Journal, 17(3), pp.325-334.
Keohane, R.O. and Nye, J.S., 2015. Power and interdependence. In Conflict After the Cold War (pp. 174-181). Routledge.
López, E. and Vértiz, F., 2015. Extractivism, transnational capital, and subaltern struggles in Latin America. Latin American Perspectives, 42(5), pp.152-168.
Marchetti, R., 2016. Global strategic engagement: states and non-state actors in global governance. Lexington Books.
Stone, D. and Ladi, S., 2015. Global public policy and transnational administration. Public Administration, 93(4), pp.839-855.
Willetts, P., 2001. Transnational actors and international organizations in global politics. The globalisation of world politics, 2.
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