A Study On The Characteristics Of A River In A Waterfront Town

History of the Waterfront Town

This is a waterfront town that is located in almost 13 km on the north east side of the Bundaberg. This particular feature is regarded as the largest beach in the entire region. The beach has been drawing its fresh water from the mouth of river Burnet. This particular river has influenced to some extent majority of the activities within the area. It is known to be under the control of the authorities of the environment to ensure that the water sources are safe for the human use. The place has been referred to by different names including the sandhills  considering that heaps of sand is very common.

 Also the sand that is available is unique on its own as compared to other places. The utility of this particular piece of land can be traced back to the year 1880.This has subsequently led to the increase in the value of the pieces of the land around this area. The private developers  discovered that  planting of the grass would improve the conditions of the place further. Notwithstanding, the current land behind the parametric sand hills mostly indicated to in total complexity. Accordingly, the region under examination predominantly abridged showed in the graph beneath (Ade et al 2013).

For a similar report, the contextual analyses are contrasted all together with get their similitudes, focal points, detriments and furthermore shortcomings so as to make the linking inference. There has been need for the preliminary analysis of the characteristics of the flow of the river. The study analyses the river both in the state of the flow especially when undisturbed. The data that has been used can be the provider of the potential basis of the development assessment. The relied data indicates that the bridge is to be conducted in an area that receive amount of rainfall in the months of October and April. This kind of information has been very necessary since it will determine the best time for carrying out the entire process. The rest of the year is known to be very dry months. The flow will therefore be regarded as highly seasonal. The discharge season of the discharge has been very short in deed. Although the analysis of some scholars have been doing grouping of the rivers in various categories, that was not any relevant in the dealing system,

In the countries like the United States, the management of the water resources is highly regarded exercise. The population of the Gulf has increasingly grown from the year 1960 to 200.This represents a double digit growth. Considering that very may people are accessing the beaches and the bay on their daily operations, the utility and demand has greatly increased especially in some specific points. There is therefore need for specific framework that will guide the operators in order to ensure that the resources available are properly consumed(Census, 2010). Amid Hurricane Katrina, 44 (33 in Louisiana alone) joins Mississippi, Alabama, besides, Louisiana  has been in support of the few cases.

Analysis of the River’s Flow Characteristics

 Majority of the damages took place in the regions that have been connected to the potential water sources. The flooding affected the extensions of the boundaries. Some of the structures that had been constructed on the strong foundation survive the floods. The structures were subjected to different kinds of forces that have different degrees of loading and offloading. The weak structures were quickly brought down and swept away. The level of the destruction that was caused by the flood could be attributed to lack of preparedness and poor structural design. The water ways have never been properly designed to accommodate the large volumes of water. Besides, the constructed bridges have been very weak and this calls for the need of redesign. The destruction that has been caused by the flood has resulted into the loss of the millions of shillings. The government initiatives of settling the displaced individuals have never been an easy exercise. It is estimated that nearly over 200 streets are affected yearly in this particular area.

The methodology that has been used her is just but the snapshot of the conditions of the stream in the entire catchment area at particular time. The examination of the specific areas has been limited. This can be attributed to the lack of the sites for conducting the survey. Also it could be possible that the surveys were put in the areas that were easily accessible. The method that has been used in this particular project has got no intention to ensure that all the information regarding the conditions of the stream are provided.

 The main focus is on the flow characteristics that will affect the functionality of the constructed bridge. The identification of the key issues will be made possible and the problems will be matched with their suggested solutions. The process that normally leads to the degradation of the river as subsequently results in the collapse of the river banks will definitely be a point of consideration as well. When such analysis is done, it will be very much possible to identify the areas that might need detailed investigation. The collection of the information will range from the physical information to the ecological information system,

The connection with other similar projects and also initiatives that are meant to address the issue of the river may be considered very crucial for this particular task. This is because they will affect the process of making the decisions. Also the establishment of the connections with the largest database will definitely guarantee the success of the project.

Effects of Hurricane Katrina

The extended spatial and common assurance achieved by solidifying conventional field estimations with an extent of momentum advancements enables masters to give new bits of learning into meandering conduit shapes and their spatial and temporary models; this upgraded assurance has quite recently been abused somewhat. In any case. A critical number of the potential results from the combined examination approaches have not been totally abused, and many remain to be done.

Some designers have disseminated a clear review of winding stream research, giving much thought with respect to portrayals of the concentrates’ theoretical exhibiting approaches, which went from essential kinematic models to additionally create fluid movement, including bank crumbling and deposit transport models using propelling bed topography. They saw the necessity for traverse any obstruction between speculative exhibiting and field-and research focus based ask about for useful stream organization purposes, for instance, assessments of stream chance risks and practices for stream organization and reestablishment. . The expanded development of the scaffold deck did not appear to have any huge effect on bringing down the deliberate powers or minutes on the scaffold display. At the – 2 cm leeway, the powers and minutes were really more noteworthy in this model. 

The prototypes are used in most of the industries where physical problems are practically solved. The prototypes have been used in the validation of the ideas. The validation process seeks to perform a conversion process on the idea into the real product. This area of the writing survey includes the investigation of the past work which is finished by other individuals and they are identified with the subject under research or examination, this is so as to have the capacity to be all around educated about the exploration that will be attempted(Banerjee et al 2017).

There are central relations and standards frequently utilized in deciding the general rate of uniform stream in a framework. This connection is grounded on the semi experimental. Besides, the semi exact analogies are represented by both the keeping an eye on and the Chezy conditions. Considering the control volume stream having a makeable volume stream rate Q, and its weight stamped W, as demonstrated in the figure beneath. Hence, the profundity of the stream is portrayed to be uniform and this can be referenced utilizing the coherence condition . In this manner, the general x-energy conditions for the control volume regularly registered utilizing the articulation underneath. Thus, the overall x- momentum equations for the control volume often computed using the expression below Thus, figure illustrates the overall fluid flow in the control volume in line with the open channel.

Water Management in a Growing Population

Since, the stream is frequently uniform, at that point the hydrostatic weight in accordance with the weight powers at the two finishes of the makeable control volume is meant as. In this manner, the examination chiefly communicated as takes after(Baggetto et al 2013).

In the condition above, alludes to the particular weight though . Be that as it may, the stream in the open direct by and large is known to be tempestuous nonetheless; in uncommon circumstances laminar is experienced(Kim, Kawatani and Hao 2012). Then again, the Reynolds numbers is foreseen to be vast and therefore, the streams disseminated in accordance with the divider shear pressure are set up to be corresponding to the general unique weight. This can be communicated as In this case, K is demarcated to be the constant and its value depends highly on the pipe roughness Thus, equating the preceding equations above one obtains  The above condition is signified as characterized as the Chezy condition and in the condition C is outlined as the Chezy coefficient. Besides, the coefficient can likewise be resolved observationally and in such situations it is meant as.

The trial perceptions are introduced on stream examples and disturbance qualities estimated by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter inside the creating (transient stage) scour gap around roundabout uniform and compound wharfs. Four arrangements of exploratory runs were led under the reasonable water approach stream conditions. One trial run was directed around a uniform round dock of width 114 mm, though the other three runs were led around a roundabout compound wharf of breadth 114 mm and balance measurement 210 mm(Inquired et al 2013).

In the arrangement with a round compound wharf, the best surface of the balance was set at three distinct heights regarding the general level of the channel bed, i.e., over the bed level, at the bed level, and beneath the level of the channel bed. Point by point estimations are exhibited on segments of time-arrived at the midpoint of speed, choppiness power, and Reynolds shear worry around the dock in outspread planes at 0°, 90°, and 180° from the stream pivot.

Stream structure around a roundabout compound dock within the sight of a scour opening was contrasted and stream structure correspondingly saw around a round uniform wharf by using the perceptions made in outspread planes at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, and 180° from stream pivot. Width of the foremost vortex upstream of the compound dock, when top surface of the balance is over the general level of the channel bed was 1.11 times as extensive as that for the roundabout uniform wharf. Nonetheless, size of the main vortex is 0.85 times its size for the uniform dock, while the best surface of the balance was underneath the channel bed level. The parts of choppiness powers and Reynolds shear pressure profiles in various outspread planes are additionally thought about around every one of the wharf models(Krautblatter, Funk and Günzel 2013).

Construction Assessment of a Bridge in the Area

To comprehend connect plan, one need to take in the contrast between the scaffold’s superstructure and its substructure. By the scaffold’s superstructure, it  means anything over the direction, including the hard surface drivers used to make a trip from one side to the next. By the substructure, it means the extension’s establishment, including the segments supporting it. The superstructure and the substructure cooperate however distinctive objectives have. Picking the state of the structure of the scaffold, for instance, will influence the substructure. An extension can be molded like a circular segment, suspended by links, constructed principally utilizing great bars and that’s only the tip of the iceberg(Kong, Wu, Cai and Liu 2012).

Despite the state of  any scaffold, its key basic parts will be bars, curves, supports, and suspensions. How one utilize these components will decide the nature of the extension. Two powers  should be comprehended are strain and pressure. To comprehend the pressure, envision a rope being pulled on from the two sides amid a session of pull of-war. This is pressure, and it’s a power that will follow up on your extension to include pressure. To comprehend pressure, simply envision the end result for a spring when you apply weight on it. The truth is out – it crumples into itself, which abbreviates its length. Compressional stress will likewise influence your scaffold, and it will act contrary to tensional pressure. The extension’s plan, along these lines, must have the capacity to deal with these powers without clasping or snapping.

Reverberation is another power that can follow up on the scaffold. Envision a snowball moving down a slope and expanding in size and speed. This is reverberation. It begins with little vibrations, for example, when wind assaults a scaffold, and those vibrations can keep expanding after some time until the point when they bring down the whole structure! There are a few different ways to manage reverberation, yet a standout amongst the most mainstream techniques is to fuse dampeners into the extension outline, which can intrude on the full waves and keep them from developing(Johnson et al 2012).

 It is known to be the biggest beach front town inside the locale and Bargara frames the mouth of the makeable Burnet River. Also, Bargara town framed the authoritative seat and focus of activity for the previous Burnett Shire administration. It is a waterfront town arranged 13km in the north-east side of the Bundaberg. Already, the territory was named as sand hills and this was because of the presence of the general flimsy sand development in its beach front shores. The data in most sources have indicated  that early land buyers in the territory discovered hints of sand floats which upheld up in the houses fused with some marum planted grass, harking back to the 1920s. Notwithstanding, the current land behind the parametric sand hills mostly indicated to in total complexity. Accordingly, the region under examination predominantly abridged showed in the graph beneath

This heap case uses customized powers from Load Cases I and II and applies them at the focal point of uncovered zones. The powers decided in Load Case I, and additionally the powers decided in Load Case II, must be considered for Load Case III

Extension decks that don’t have adequate leeway to maintain a strategic distance from the high wave peaks related with sea tempests and other beach front tempests are liable to huge and perilous forces when these waves contact the decks. In spite of the fact that exploration in wave-connect communication has, generally, not been as centered around contrasted with different zones of beach front designing, a couple properties of waves are for the most part acknowledged by the building network. A run of the mill model of wave-deck collaboration can be seen underneath

• It provides a higher level of resistance to failure
• The design is proper in terms of the pressure
• It can be built from nearly anything
• It is structurally sound
• It actually becomes stronger as it works

Failures of the bridge

• It has limited lifespan
• It possess constraints on the location
• Requires extra maintenance
• Needs more support
• Takes relatively long to be built

Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights shall bear on base plates, mud sills, or other adequate firm foundation.  Footings shall be level, sound, rigid, and capable of supporting the loaded scaffold without settling or displacement(Kim, Kawatani and Hao 2012).

Every suspension rope, including associating equipment, utilized on movable suspension frameworks will be fit for supporting, without disappointment, somewhere around six times the most extreme expected load connected or transmitted to that rope.

Safe methods for access for every representative raising or destroying a platform (utilizing the gadgets or strategies above) must be given, where the arrangement of safe access is possible and does not present a more prominent danger. The able individual must decide the practicality and security of giving the different methods.

There has been given a thorough study of the meandering stream investigated. It displayed the phases of the breeze research, the diverse examination approaches, their achievements and the rest of the difficulties in the field of wind consider. It is  like manner gave a point by point delineation of the late examinations with respect to whole deal twist headway at accomplishing scale. It  pointed out that, notwithstanding late achievements in exploratory examinations, more field-based research is required. In any case, it didn’t review the best in class procedures, which have enabled an accentuation on subbend-scale frames with extended detail and relentless quality. Neither did it discuss the momentum topical achievements concerning meandering conduit shapes that this methodological change has engaged.

Material and Section  Properties

Type of the structure, spacing of girder, maximum, total number of girders and overall width of the deck. Other parameters will include thickness of the slab of the, average thickness of the overhanging,top cover of the conctere,C_top,wearing Surface ,t_ws,,strength of the concrete,f_c and finally  the acceleration.

Scale Factor Related To Geometry

Scale Factor for Length

One of the most important parameters of any specimen in various prospects is called the scale factor for the length. It is denoted by this particular parameter is very important and need due care in the time of the selection. The scale factor for the length can possibly make the model very large if the selection done is the scale factor of a smaller value. This will consequently lead to the limitation of the lifting devices that are available besides the limitation that is directly linked with the cost.

 The choice of the factor of the scale will always be dependent on the testing type to be used. In the cases of doing elastic studies, then significantly smaller models can be used. In the cases of inelastic studies, the strength models would require making larger models. This particular factor is known to affect the other characteristics of the materials and the parameters like concentrated loads, shear forces, specific loads among others.

In light of the already mentioned length, the area factor is derived as a multiplication of the two lengths. This follows that ; 

Scale factor for the moment of Inertia

The scale factor for the moment of Inertia is normally obtained from the dimensional analysis so as to aid in the fulfilling of the requirement of the design. It is given as ; 

Scale Factor for the linear Displacement

From the dimensional analysis, this particular parameter is normally obtained as  the scale factor for the angular displacement. The rational quantity in a model never requires modification considering that the scale factor is a unity and also the quantities of the model are the same as those of the prototype. This is described as shown in the figure below;

Scale factors that are related to the  properties of the materials

There was sense in the conduction of the specific tests on the RC columns. Such tests are known to push the  range of the inelastic in the entire point bingo the hinge of plastic type. In order to avoid the scaling of the mechanical properties, there was decision to ensure that the material used in the prototype to be used also in the actual product. The use of the material of the same characteristics will help in the simplification of the possible complications in the entire system.

Scale factor for the modulus of Elasticity

Considering that the same material will be used in the analysis for the actual material and the prototype, the modulus of elasticity for the concrete and the reinforcing steel will be the same. The scale factor under the modulus of elasticity will be calculated as follows. 

Scale Factor For Stress

Since it had been decided that the same factor for stress will be used for both the model and the actual product, the conclusion is that the scale factor would be unity as indicated below.

Scale Factor for the Weight(N).

The RC columns that are under the program of testing are basically made up of two columns. The first one was the column itself while the other one was the dead mass that is supported on top of the column. In order to fulfill the requirement on the basis of the dimensional analysis for the specific weight, the following formula was put into the use

Scale Factor For the poison’s Ratio

Considering that the Poisson’s ratio is a dimensionless number, the scale factor for it will always be a unity 

Scale Factor for Strain

Strain is always dimensionless and therefore the scaling factor will always be a unity.

Scale Factors Related to Loading

There are various forms of loading that will require to be scaled appropriately.

Scale factor for the concentrated loading

The concentrated load when finally subjected to the test to fulfill, it must meet the requirement of the similitude .From the dimensional analysis, the concentrated and scale factor is calculated using the formula given below, 

It is very important to ensure that the scale for the acceleration is calculated. This will ensure that the calculation of the scale factor of the period is made possible. Natural period of the component must have to be taken care of in the design. In the dimensional analysis, the scale factor for the acceleration is as calculated below 

Scale Factor for the energy dissipated

The following equations will be used in the estimation of the scale factor of the energy dissipated 

Scale factor for the Discharge

The water discharge of the flowing system is calculated using the formula indicated below. 

Scale factor for the temperature

The design must take into the consideration the variations of the temperature of various parts of the bridge and also the temperature of the water. This can be highlighted ion the formula shown below.

Scale factor for the density of water

The flow of water through the tunnels will be affected by its density. The force  that creates impacts on the parts of the bridge will be subject of the momentum. The momentum is affected by mass and the velocity .It follows that ; 

Scale factor for Surface Tension

Surface tension is a physical property of the water in which the molecules of the water are pulled onto every side .The dragging force effect is per unit length. The surface tension force has got effect in the design and it must be calculated using the formula indicated below;

T=F/L in which F=force per unit length and L is the length of the action.

The Concept the WW Frame examination strategy was produced to precisely display the intricate conduct of box supports, while as yet accomplishing the straightforwardness and convenience related with two dimensional grillage strategies.

The fundamental thought is to change over a plane grillage to three measurements by part each container into: Two shafts put on the web lines at the gross area centroid profundity. There would be three such pillars for a two cell box support and so on one bar on hold of the deck chunk at the gross area even centroid. There will just ever be one such pillar on the grounds that each extension has just a single deck. One pillar put on hold of the lower rib piece at the crate centroid. For spans with in excess of one box support, there would be one such shaft set at the centroid of each discrete brace. These bars at that point have the accompanying (Nassery,Segal, Chang and Bridges 2015)

As per Goldstein dimensional examination structures and package of the helpful parameters utilized in the recognizable proof and the general setting of the dimensional consistency in accordance with the administering conditions in liquid stream. The dimensional consistency is frequently connected in managing the conditions which have measurements. Along these lines, the measurement as an apparatus might be connected and valuable in the accompanying settings:

It helps in sorting out the information and in giving top to bottom comprehension of the connections which may appears not to be detailed in the more extensive point of view.

Also, the measurements helps in managing the units in guaranteeing a portion of the parameters are dispensed with and in this manner, the subsequent yield is material regarding the framework units .The design will take into consideration the following parameters; Water temperature, Velocity of water (m/s), Discharge (m3/s), Length of the bridge.

Also, measurements help in figuring and building up the count setting for the application scale factors in accordance with the physical models. Quite, in the open channel immerse plan, four free factors are relied upon to be considered in the methodology. A portion of the component and factors primarily incorporate pipe distance across, liquid thickness, liquid speed and consistency. In this way, the dimensional investigation on the liquid stream at the boulevard basically registered in accordance with the articulation underneath(Raal et al 2015).

The methods and gear utilized in this particular objective are arranged and will go for accomplishing the target of the task. Despite the fact that, this venture is grounded on the physical model of the immersed floodway, it will likewise think about the investigation on the open channel stream.

 This will guarantee that the strength and the general turning and sliding snapshots of the scaffold are kept up and in this way, making the undertaking suitable and relevant. Moreover, contemplations and measures parting the open channel framework are likewise fused in the investigation and this will guarantee that framework dependability and reasonableness is followed too over the long haul. The water driven practices of the surge stream as a liquid primarily mulled over in accordance with the assessment and examination of their belongings utilizing different conditions.

Autodesk Inventor refers to a 3D mechanical solid design of modeling software that has been developed by the Autodesk. It is used in the creation of the 3D digital prototypes. This kind of software is used in the design communication, tooling creation, simulation of the products and mechanical design. This particular software’s allows the users to create 3D models that normally help in the visualization, design and simulation of the products before they are finally released into the market.

The software normally integrates the simulation motion and assembly for the analysis of the stress in which the user has options of inserting the driving loads, components that are dynamic, loads of friction and later run the simulation so as to test whether it will function properly in the real world situation. The finite element analysis allows the user to validate the design component by testing the parts performance when they are under the loads. The technology of the optimization and parametric studies permit the users to design the parameters the design option is then updated to match the optimized parameters.

This examination includes performing tests to accomplish the exploration targets and achieve the fitting ends. The analyses incorporate the manufacture of a few things, as well as the utilization of other physical devices. The philosophy and trial setup of this exploration are examined beneath(Roche et al 2013).

This examination starts with a streamlined extension deck, as a level plate. A Moog Shake Table and the Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc. (AMTI) Load Cell are utilized to make waves and gather the relating information. At first, the level plate is suspended inside a water tank which sits on the Shake Table. The Shake Table makes a wave which reaches with the plate. The water profundity inside the tank is set at a steady stature, with the tank itself being raised to various levels to make variable clearances. Five deck clearances are moreover considered: three clearances where the deck is over the water level, one freedom where the deck is at indistinguishable range from the water level, and one freedom where the deck is underneath the water level

These progressions to the deck are the increases of connect rails and supports, freely and afterward together. At long last, the deck is supplanted with a connect display in view of a run of the mill shut scaffold deck from I-10 over Mobile Bay, at an inexact 1:30 scale. This model is trying first with an open brace outline, and after that with a shut brace outline. The shut support configuration is accomplished by making end stomachs for the connect deck and made an impenetrable seal at the extension closes. The 1:30 scale is taken after to such an extent as would be prudent, given the restrictions of accessible acrylic thicknesses and estimated cutting misfortunes. More physical changes are connected to the finished I-10 connect deck and backings to decide on the off chance that adaptable backings or venting gaps are effective in decreasing the accomplished forces(Šulc et al 2014).

A Moog Shake Table is utilized to make waves in the water tank. This is finished by programing excitation history documents and sending them to the shake table control PC. The shake table has six degrees of opportunity: move, pitch, yaw, influence, flood, and hurl development. The developments are controlled by six electromechanical actuators.

These actuators interface with the base of a triangular steel stage and move the stage and anything connected to it, up to one thousand kilograms. There are breaking points to the developments of the table, and these can be seen below. The excitation relocations, for these trials, don’t approach the points of confinement of any of the degrees of opportunity, with the exception of “hurl,” which is almost at the most extreme for a few excitations. The trials directed in this examination might utilize influence, or sidelong, fervors with hurl counterbalances to make the diverse extension clearances(Thuita et al 2013).

The AMTI Load Cell utilized is display MC3A. It utilizes reinforced strain gage transducers and has high firmness and affectability(Tondini and Stojadinovic 2012)

A MATLAB program is utilized to make excitation history records for the shake table to take after. A case of the program used to make these documents can be seen below.

This interface makes the joystick, or excitation history, documents in light of what parameters are characterized by the client. These excitation history documents are stacked into the shake table controlling PC and are completed by the table. While the shake table is being energized, and the water inside the tank is affecting the extension demonstrate, a Gould Data Acquisition System gathers the information from the heap cell associated with the extension demonstrate bolsters. The Gould Data Acquisition System diagrams each of the six degrees of opportunity at the same time, with an estimating recurrence of 100 Hz, with an input channel of 25 Hz. These two qualities guarantee finish and intensive power and minute chronicles, while as yet sifting through over the top commotion(Tostevin 2012).

The expectation of the development of a surge requires assembling all the accessible data. Essentially this data is given by field perceptions and remote detecting, the numerical conditions overseeing the stream is another wellspring of data. The last data is the measurements of the past occasions. The issue of information digestion is to connect these sources keeping in mind the end goal to recover the condition of the waterway at a given date. In the structure of the European IST Project ANFAS, created in participation with China, there is utilizing two scientific models: CARIMA and FESWMS. Both depend on the shallow water approximations of liquid elements. It will display these models and their adjustment to the Loire waterway pilot site(Le et al 2015)

This is one kind of  software  that normally integrates the simulation motion and assembly for the analysis of the stress in which the user has options of inserting the driving loads, components that are dynamic, loads of friction and later run the simulation so as to test whether it will function properly in the real world situation. The finite element analysis allows the user to validate the design component by testing the parts performance when they are under the loads. The technology of the optimization and parametric studies permit the users to design the parameters .The design option is then updated to match the optimized parameters.kes mass and volume to the protest, the model looks exceptionally sensible and can be rendered to look extremely practical(Trede, Macklin and Bridges 2012).

Likewise, with Autodesk Inventor one  can make an outline before adding measurements and sizes to it, not at all like AutoCAD where one  need to know the  measurement before you make.

In the cases of the ASD, the commands are suddenly stopped and sometimes stops working. This implies that when a command is forced nothing will happen. The ASD has to be closed and reopened to have the problem solved.

The HN section has been associated with problems some of which include slow processing power. There is very little type of connection that can be created as compared to the Tekla and Prosteel.

Conclusions

The target of this examination was to decide the legitimacy of two diverse damping strategies for connect decks in danger to extraordinary climate occasions. The main technique was to consider some help flat help development. Some rotational movement was likewise permitted, while vertical development was confined. The expanded development of the scaffold deck did not appear to have any huge effect on bringing down the deliberate powers or minutes on the scaffold display. At the – 2 cm leeway, the powers and minutes were really more noteworthy in this model. This is likely because of the scaffold demonstrated having the capacity to move with the wave, while it is being produced. This enabled the wave to wind up bigger than when the backings were settled, bringing about bigger forces.

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