Analysis Of The Australian Workforce: Women, Immigrants, And Unemployment

Methodology

This report seeks to evaluate, analyze and discuss the Australian workforce mainly exploring the women and immigrant workforce as well as the unemployment in current Australia. A review of Government institutions’ report, available literature provides insights on the women and immigrant workforce.

• Women participation in the workforce has increased rapidly.
• Immigration was encouraged in Australia after War, with a target of providing workforce in significant projects and new industries that were developing but even in the current Australia migration, and the migrant population experiences a high rate of unemployment mainly in the low-skilled jobs sector.
• The nature of work in Australia has evolved by shifting from manufacturing industries and labor-intensive rural work to white collar jobs such as those in the banking sector, the tourism sector, and the entertainment sector.
• Unemployment in Australia has increased significantly over a few decades and factors that increase an individual chance of unemployment include English speaking proficiency, age, and location.
• Australian women who own companies have risen significantly over the last two decades, but when compared with other OCED countries, the Australian women entrepreneurs are still under-represented.
• Workers born outside Australia show a significant proportion of the Australian workforce while it is also the same group that experiences higher unemployment rates.
• Skilled Migrants in Australia are more likely to be employed then unskilled migrants while Men migrants are likely to be employed full time than the women migrants

The information provided in this report has been gathered from the Australia Bureau of Statistics data, Australian Government Institutions and other secondary sources such as previous reports, thesis papers. Online research was the primary source of the secondary information used in this report. A serious search of secondary information was undertaken. Keywords used in searching the information include Australian workforce, Australian Immigrant and women workforce. The data source of the secondary data and the information itself were evaluated before putting them into use. Specific attention was paid to source bias, reliability, definitions used and time span of the data.

Where possible, multiple secondary data sources were consulted and cross-checked for consistency. The accuracy of the secondary information was attained by checking if the provided data was verifiable and where possible the original data was consulted. Also, accuracy was ensured by verifying that, information gathering processes and the measurements procedures are widely accepted in the research field. The relevance of the secondary information used in the research was checked by making sure that, the information addressed the specified research questions, applied to the population of interest which was the Australian workforce and information was verified to be of a specified period. 

Methods of collecting information include checking the research undertaken by others, the Australian Bureau of Statistics, other Government institutions, Thesis papers, and other organization’s report.

The secondary information collected were digitally stored and can be easily modified and updated when new government or institutions reports are attained.

Section B 

Analysis 

Objectives of the research

1. To determine the proportion of immigrants and women in the Australian workforce
2. To assess the level of women running their businesses in Australia

• To determine the unemployment levels in Australian and the demographic factors related to unemployment

Methodology

Research strategies utilized in conducting this research included online searching, review of existing literature and analysis of existing data gained from the Australian Bureau of statistics and other Government departments and institutions.

Method of data analysis adopted was a review of previous research.

Keywords: Australian workforce, Australian Women Workforce, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Immigrants, workforce participation

Australian Workforce

Employment

      According to Australian Bureau of Statistics, as of November 2016, migrants with Australian citizenship had 77% chances of getting employment compared to 63% of individuals on permanent visa and 59% of individuals on a temporary residence (1).[1]

      Men show a high probability of being employed of 87% for male migrants while female migrants have 68% probability of being employed. 

Women workforce

Women in Australia make approximately 47% of the workforce population (2)[2]. Over the past decade, Australian females’ workforce participation is 60.4% while males’ workforce participation has 70.9 (3)[3]. Although the gap between the male and females workforce has narrowed, it is still at significant levels of 13% difference. Females are more likely to be working part time when compared to the males. In the period 2016-2017, 45% of females in employment were on part-time basis while 16% of males in employment part time basis (4)[4]. Therefore, more females in the workforce work part time and while their workforce participation rate has increased women is still way below the workforce participation of males.  

Australian Workforce

 The migrants have a higher proportion of the Australian workforce compared to the Australians who are not migrants. In November of 2016, the recent migrants and temporary residents’ workforce participation rate were 70%, while the workforce participation rate for those born in Australia was 66% (1)[1].  Migrants with Australian citizenship showed a higher workforce participation rate of 80% compared to 695 permanent residents and 65% temporary residents.

      Men portray a higher proportion of the migrant workforce with 90% while female migrants showed 71% of the workforce. For those born in Australia, the participation rate of males in the workforce was 75% while females had 66% 

Unemployment rate 

 Workers born outside Australia experience higher unemployment rates. Statistics undertaken by the Australian Bureau of Statistics depicted that in 2016, the recent immigrant and temporary residents had an employment rate of 7.6% while those born in Australia showed an unemployment rate of 5.4%. 3.3% unemployment rate for migrants with Australian citizenship, 8.6% for temporary residents and 8.8% migrants on permanent visa (1)[1].

Several factors can be attributed to an individual’s probability of experiencing employment in the current Australian work environment. These include English proficiency of the individual, location of residence whether urban or rural areas and age (5)[2]. The better the level of English of an immigrant, the higher the immigrant’s likelihood of getting employed.

Australian women who own businesses

            Australian women who own companies have risen significantly over the last two decades, but when compared with other OCED countries, the Australian women entrepreneurs are still under-represented (6)[3]. Australian can be compared to the United Kingdom on matters concerning women entrepreneurs, where the number has been increasing compared to the increase in males though the overall proportion of males entrepreneurs still dominate the females. 34% of Australian citizens are women who operate businesses make it approximately a third of the total population. About 30% of Australian Women who run businesses were born overseas (7).[4] 42% of the women business owners had an education of a degree or a diploma. 

In 2014, employed women in Australia were 5.3 million, and business operators were 12, 5% of these women. Of the 12.5% business operators, 7.9% were an incorporated enterprises owner managers hence acted as employers while 4.6% were incorporated enterprises owner managers meaning they paid themselves wages as employers. The increasing number of business owners in Australia has been attributed to highly educated women. In 2013, students enrolled in higher education institutions had 56% were females (8).[5] Therefore, the significant rise in the quantity of women who own companies can be directly attributed to higher education opportunities for women.

Section C

Conclusion                    

The nature of work in Australia has evolved by shifting from manufacturing industries and labor-intensive rural work to white collar jobs such as those in the banking sector, the tourism sector, and the entertainment sector. Women participation in the Australian workforce has increased rapidly but it still below the workforce participation rates of men. More females in the workforce work part time and while their workforce participation rate has increased females is still way below the workforce participation of males. 

Workers born outside Australia show a significant proportion of the Australian workforce while it is also the same group that experiences a higher unemployment rate. Skilled Migrants in Australia are more likely to be employed then unskilled migrants while Men migrants are likely to be employed full time than the women migrants. The drastic increase in the number of women business operators can be directly attributed to higher education opportunities for women.

Recommendations

The information gathered for this report provides an overview of the Australian workforce with insights on the women workforce, immigrants’ workforce and the level of employment.  Further analysis of the Australian workforce would be possible if all the data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics were obtained. The reliance on secondary sources for this report has resulted in some inconsistent data. For instance, it is not possible to identify the break of the Australian workforce by the following criteria number of married women in the workforce, the number of skilled and unskilled immigrants in the workforce and the proportion of unskilled Australian born and unskilled immigrant born in the workforce. Therefore, a thorough analysis of the Australian workforce can be undertaken accessing the primary data through various primary data collection methods including interviews and questionnaires.

Presentation

The report will be presented as a documented report and delivered both through a digital platform and a hardcopy document.

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