Analyzing The Impact Of Project Governance On NGOs’ Project Success In Yemen

Literature Review

The project governance is the function and methodology which is adopted by the project development program for aligning the organization hierarchical structure, ensuring control measurements, identification of risks, and elaborating decision of the project manager. There is a direct relationship between the project governances and project success. The project can be successfully completed within the given timeframe and cost if effective control policies and principles of project governance are implied for the orientation of the project development life cycle. In recent years, it has been researched that the aim of the project owner is to provide longevity to the project life by deploying the policies and principles of project governance by improving the work development process implemented by the undertaken projects. The feasibility study of the project success and profit gained by the settlement of the issues and chaos of the local NGO’s working in Yemen by implementing the framework of project governance principles and policies on the development process of project life cycle program. The systematic study of NGOs operational plan helps in analysing the efficiency of the project governance on controlling the project activities and sub-activities. The correlation and inter-dependencies of the contractual governance, relational governance, project orientation, and project management focuses on estimating the efficiency of the project output and the effective organization of the process and procedures lay down by the NGOs operating in the Yemen for the development of the people. The research study helps in analysing the feasibility of project governance in relation to the operational plan implemented by the local NGOs of Yemen for the people development and growth. The success factors of project governance, contractual governance, relational governance, project orientation and project management can be measured in terms of political stability and leadership managed in the operational plan of NGO, learning new innovation for improving the working plan of the Organizations, managing the supply and demand of resources for providing the effective services to the stakeholders, and management of funds from foreign investors in the development of NGOs of Yemen. The framework of project governance helps in improving the working capability and controlling of project activities to achieve the growth of local people residing in Yemen.

The problem domain which exists with the project development life cycle is to establish project governance parameters for analysing and validating the return on investment achieved in completing the project. The project manager faces problem in identifying the complexities associated with the development and designing of the undertaken project. The systematic organization of the project activities should be designed in the direction of achieving goals and objectives of the project. The NGOs of Yemen are facing problem in managing the resources supply and demand for the development of the people due to inefficiency of the contractors and the monitoring of the local government. The innovations are required in improving the flaws and gaps which exists in the operational plan of the NGO operating in Yemen. The Yemen is facing problems in managing the level of poverty in the local people of the rural areas, lack of education, vulnerabilities associated in providing medical facilities to the people, poor infrastructure of the rural areas, lower rate of return on investment (Biesenthal, and Wilden, 2014). The project management methodologies deployed by the local NGOs in the current working structure are inefficient in managing development and improvement in the living standards of the people due to the lack of project governance and active participation of the local government. It is required to develop effective plan for implementing the framework of project governance for managing, monitoring, and controlling the project activities with respect to the improvement in the public development program used by the NGOs of Yemen.

Methodology

The research questions which are designed for the undertaken research study are as follows:

• What are the impacts of project governance on the project success?
• What is the relationship between project governance and project success?
• What are the impacts of project governance on the project success of NGO’s operating in Yemen?
• What is the role of Contractual governance and Relational governance in completing project successfully?
• What is the role of Project orientation in governing the project?
• What is the role of project management in governing the project completion?
• How the improvement in the NGOs operating plan can be done by deploying the project governance principles?

The objective of the research is to evaluate the impact of project governance on the project success of NGOs operating in the region of Yemen. Some of the objectives of the research study are highlighted below:

• Evaluation of the impacts of project governance on the project success
• Identification of the relationship between project governance and project success
• Analysis of the impacts of project governance on the project success of NGO’s operating in Yemen
• Identification of the role of Contractual governance and Relational governance in completing project successfully
• Defining the role of Project orientation in governing the project
• Defining the role of project management in governing the project completion
• Significance and improvements in the NGOs operating plan can be done by deploying the project governance principles

The research study helps in improving the operational plan implemented by the NGO’s operating in Yemen by deploying the project governance policies, principles, and framework within the working culture of the enterprise. The project governance policy structure and framework had a direct relationship with the project success. The research study helps in signifies the problem faced by the NGO in deploying the development program for the local and rural people residing in Yemen. The people of Yemen are not able to get the required and basic education, no health services and facilities, no management of funds, no active participation of local government, and others. The feasibility analysis of the operational plan implemented by the NGOs helps in evaluating the gaps and flaws which exists in the current working model used for improving the condition of rural people in Yemen. It provides new opportunities to implement rules, policies, principles, and framework of the project governance to manage effective control over the project activities used for the development of the rural people of Yemen. The systematic organization of the project activities should be designed in the direction of achieving goals and objectives of the project. The complexities of the project manager can be effectively resoled by deploying the rules of project governance in the project life cycle. The decision making capabilities of the project manager can be improved which helps in managing funds for the NGOs operations from the local government for improving the development process of the local people.

The scope of the research study provides new opportunities to the project management policies implemented by the NGOs working in Yemen for uplifting the standard of the local and rural people. The study of the NGOs working helps in analysing the gaps which exist in the public and private sectors for completing the given tasks of the undertaken project. The focus of the research is to analyse the efficiency of implementing the project governance policies and framework in the improving the operational plan and project management methodologies in completing project successfully. The evaluation of the risks and uncertainty associated with the project results in completing the project on time and cost. The positive relationship can be monitored and controlled between the project governance and project success. The focus should be given on significance and improvements in the NGOs operating plan can be done by deploying the project governance principles The privilege should be given to the identification of efficiency in laying down the project orientation plan and contractual governance to build effective relationship between the working of public and private sectors for improving the condition of operational plan implemented by the NGOs in Yemen.

Findings and Results

Project Governance: The project governance is defined as the systematic analysis of the project elements for measuring the accountabilities, authorization, control, and responsibilities provided to the internal and external stakeholders for completing the undertaken project.

Project Success: The project success is the measurement of level of satisfaction achieved in the customers with the deployment and completion of the project.

Contractual Governance: The Contractual governance is the agreement signed between the internal and external stakeholders for finishing the tasks within time, cost, and quality.

Relational Governance: The relational governance is used for analysing the coordination, cooperation, and interdependencies of the project management units for achieving project success.

Project Orientation: The project orientation is the framework which is used for defining the processes and procedures used for completing the given tasks with efficiency and effectiveness.

Project Management: The project management is the systematic sequencing of planning, organizing, staffing, designing, requirement gathering, development, testing, and implementation process for completing the project successfully.

The organization of the research helps in analysing the facts and figures related to the project governance in improving the performance of the NGOs operational plan deployed in Yemen for the development of the local and rural people. The research study starts with the setting of research agendas and research questions for systematic analysing the impact of project governance on project success (Nabhani, 2018). In the research program, the data is collected from the literature review and case study of NGOs working in Yemen to know the consequences of project governance in improving the performance of the undertaken project. The literary sources help in collecting details of the facts and figures collected by the different authors in their research work. The research is organized into six chapters such as:

Chapter 1 focuses on highlighting the introduction to the research agenda for analysing the impact of project governance on the project success. The definitions of different terms used in the project are explained in the introduction section only.

Chapter 2 focuses on collecting data from literary sources on analysing the condition of operational plan implemented by the NGOs for improving the condition of the rural people residing in Yemen. The project governance helps in the development of effective management plan and project schedule so that the project can be completed successfully. The literature review focuses on the research work carried out by the different researcher in the direction of project governance, contractual governance, relational governance, project orientation, and project management.

Chapter 3 focuses on methodology undertaken for collecting the data from different sources. The reliability of the data collected should be tested

Chapter 4 focuses on identifying the findings and results of the undertaken research and data collected from the literature sources.

Chapter 5 focuses on drawing discussion on the implementation of project governance for improving the working efficiency of the NGOs operating in Yemen. The conclusion section helps in highlighting the role played by the project governance for the effective development of the operational plan.

The contribution of different authors in the direction of analysing the relationship which exist between the project governance and project success in their research work helps in providing a guidance for knowing the impact of project governance in improving the project management process and completing the tasks successfully (Muller and Joslin, 2010). The authors highlight the efficiency of the project governance in improving the performance of the organization by managing resources with respect to the demand raised by the participating units in managing their work on time. The positive relationship between the project governance and project management methodology helps in completing the project successfully within the pre-defined resources, cost, and time to achieve the quality of the end products (Tomomitsu, Carvalho, and Moraes, 2016). The project governance can be defined as the systematic analysis of the project elements for measuring the accountabilities, authorization, control, and responsibilities provided to the internal and external stakeholders for completing the undertaken project. The project management is the fundamental approach deployed by the organization for scheduling the activities in the direction of project objectives and goals. The project vision and clear specification of the project goal are the basic requisites for forecasting the project success. The outcome of the project can be measured by analysing the project methodology undertaken for completing the tasks and scheduled activities. The inefficiency and inactive participation complexities associated with the project management process can be resolved by deploying the framework of project governance. The new opportunities can be created by implementing the policies of contractual and relational governance model for improving the relationship between control structure and project management program. The ambiguity and uncertainty associated with the operational plan should be recognised early in the project phases so that relevant control measures can be drawn for initiating the development process of the project. The standard approach should be designed for designing the success criteria to accomplish the tasks within the given timeline (Shankar and Kaye, 2008). The project success is the evaluation of the end product which can be achieved by measuring the efficiency of the undertaken project methodologies and satisfaction level of the end users. The structural characteristics of the project should be measured for measuring the rate of success. The project governance is the organization of the project development program for managing the correlation between the system management, authorities and control, allocation of resources, coordination and cooperation among the project activities and working of the stakeholders, and managing requirement of the project execution phase (Naeem, Khanzada, Mubashir, and Sohail, 2018). The objective evaluation of the governance framework helps in analysing the flaws and gaps in the control measures deployed for monitoring the success parameters of the project. The investigation of the project management methodologies for developing the project governance model helps in retrieving the project success as the end product. The governance paradigm is constructed on assumptions so that the activities can be completed as desired. The empirical testing of the project is used for analysing the level of contribution given by the development program of the project.

The validity of the project success is realised by the framework adopted for incorporating the project development lifecycle for accomplishing the tasks with ease. The broadcasting of the project leadership helps in monitoring the flow of information between the different departments and stakeholders of the project. The performance of the project can be measured in terms of the alignment of project activities with the corporate performance of the business units. The assumptions should be made for deploying the policies and controls for governing the project in the direction of project success parameters. The maximum output can be retrieved from the stakeholders by providing them authorization, control, and required resources. The control parameters are used for governing the project requirement in approaching the success of the project. The leadership style adopted by the project manager in the development of the project plays a vital role in managing team cooperation and coordination among the internal and external stakeholders of the project. The outcome of the project is used for balancing the stakeholder diversified requirement for completing the given tasks. The privilege should be given to the identification of project governance principles for completing the tasks successfully. The decision making capability of the project manager can be improved by incorporating project governance principles in the leadership style developed for completing the project. The good governance of the project can be judged by following characteristics:

Participation: The project manager should focus on analysing the active participation of the internal and external employees in the development process of the project. The need and requirement of the project can be completed by the approaching the division of work among the member participants according to their capabilities, will-power, and efficiency.

Consensus Orientation: The interest of the member participants should be evaluated in the development of the project. The growth of the project depends upon the interaction and dependences among the different units of the project.

Accountability: The focus should be given on the dependency of the decision making policies for the systematic growth of the project according to the planned schedule. The effective decision should be taken by the authorised parties in completing the given tasks.

Transparency: The transparency should be managed in the clear specification of the goals and objectives of the project. The rules and regulations should be imposed for taking effective decision in the betterment of the project for managing resources to the demanding units (Dunna, and Burela, 2010).

Responsiveness: The stakeholders should be given responsibilities for completing their required work within the given time, cost, and resources. The quality of the output should matched with the quality standards. The good governance helps in managing required authorities and control for completing the responsibilities with efficiency and control (Anderson, Kvalnes, and Muller, 2013).

Efficiencies and effectiveness: The stakeholders requirement should be fulfilled for completing the given tasks with efficiencies and effectiveness. The privilege should be given to the distribution of the resources among the member participants and stakeholders (Ahmad, 2014).

Inclusion of Equitability: The equal opportunities should be provided to all the members of the project team to show their calibre in completing the given tasks with efficiency. The anti-discrimination policies should be deployed within the working culture of the organization to get effective results of the good governance (Joslin and Muller, 2014).

Rules and regulations: The policy structure should be developed which specifies the company’s rules and regulations in completing the given tasks. The legal framework of policies structure should be deployed within the operational plan of the organization.

The following diagram shows the model for characteristics of good project governance principles:

The success criteria and matrix should be prepared for measuring and evaluating the project success. The privilege should be given to the project constraints which are associated with the undertaken project in terms of requirement specification plan, clear understanding of project goal and objectives, cost, time, efficiency and skills of the employees, and availability of resources. The success of the project can be measured in terms of five dimensions which are classified as efficiency of the project in completing it within time and cost, benefits earned by the government in terms of ROI, impact of project on the stakeholders, level of satisfaction achieved in the stakeholders, and analysing future scope of the project. The efficiency of the project depends upon the contribution given by the project team members in completing their given task because all the units of the project are inter-related and inter-dependent to finish the given tasks effectively. The measuring and evaluation of the return on investment, return on equity, and return on assets helps in analysing the profit and turnover earned by the enterprise. The impact of the project development process helps in improving the skills and expertise of the employees. The achievement of quality standards of the project helps in winning the satisfaction level of the project to a high extent. The future scope of the project should be in the direction of long term sustainability of the project.

The literature study helps in analysing the importance of the contractual governance in managing the successful completion of the project. The Contractual governance is defined as the agreement signed between the internal and external stakeholders for finishing the tasks within time, cost, and quality (Passenheim, 2015). The long term sustainability of the project can be achieved by developing the contractual relationship among the member participants of the project. The cooperating relationship helps in gaining the competitive advantage. It is the legal binding between the internal and external stakeholders for flourishing the given tasks effectively (Moujib and Aziz, 2017). The outsourcing of the project activities helps in minimizing the complexities associated with the development process of the project. The reliance on the technology and organization structure helps in minimizing the uncertainties associated with the project. The restriction can be imposed on evaluating the overusing of the resources by the member participants of the project. The joint venture should be signed between the client company and the contractor company for aligning the values, goals, and objectives of them. The outsourcing of the project activities between the contractor and the client company helps in accomplishing the given tasks within the limit and duration specified (Owens, 2010). The rules of contractual agreement focus on signing agreement to manage resources delivery on time according to the requirement placed by the NGOs. The active participation of the members in the development process is the major concern for the success of the operational plan in the public benefit. The contractual government promotes the services and facilities provided to manage the complexities associated with the project development life cycle. The negotiation process helps in managing the transaction cost associated with the exchange of information between the participating parties (Morgan,and Gbedemah, 2010). The negative and positive consequences should be measured and evaluated for signing agreement with the member companies for partnership. The principles for contractual governance are as follows:

• Ensuring the availability of resources on demand
• Clear Specification of company’s goal and objectives
• Development of accountabilities and responsibilities matrix
• Development of strategy for managing uncertainties associated with the project
• Ensuring strong risks assessment and management approach
• Analysing the service outcome of the undertaken project
• Forecasting the change management policies for the project
• Setting of key performance indicators for measuring the success of the project
• Ensuring the continuous improvement plan for gaining value for money
• Estimating the consequences of the project delivery (Otieno, 2014)
• Measuring stakeholder behaviour

The adoption of principles in signing off the contract helps in completing the tasks and agreement according to the given terms and services.

The efficiency of the project can be determined by analysing the good and healthy relationship between the internal and external stakeholders of the project (Krahn, and Hartment, 2006). The relational governance is used for analysing the coordination, cooperation, and interdependencies of the project management units for achieving project success. The transaction cost of the project can be minimised by managing the exchange of information and data among the team members of the project. The interdependencies of the team work helps in analysing the governance problem domain and uncertainty associated with the project. The multidimensional approach should be undertaken for specifying the governance structure in the information flow (Wilson, 2012). The systematic arrangement of organization structure according to the requirement of the project helps in completing the project by managing coordination and cooperation among the stakeholders. The healthy working environment helps in improving the efficiency and capabilities of the employees to give 100% contribution in the success of the project. The infrastructural changes and organization behaviour helps in distributing the required resources and information according to the requirement of the stakeholders. The decision making capabilities of the project manager can be improved by taking active participation of the team members in presenting innovative ideas, thoughts, and opinion to solve the complexities and uncertainties associated with the project completion process. The logical structure of organization hierarchy results in resolving the complexities associated with the delivery of information to the right person at right time (Rauber, 2014). The information delivery is the major factor for analysing the project success because the project activities are interlinked and interconnected in completing the tasks. The outcome of one activity will act as an input for the other activities. The sequencing of activities helps in completing the project successfully (Beleiu, Crisan, Nistor, 2013). The model of relational governances plays an important role in managing chaos and conflicts which are associated with the employees. The grievances of the team members should be resolved at top priority.

The management of the work should be according to the project outcome, goals, and objectives so that the end results of the project helps in winning the satisfaction level of the end user. The project orientation is the framework which is used for defining the processes and procedures used for completing the given tasks with efficiency and effectiveness. The project oriented approach endeavours the complete upgrading of the project activities according to the required changes in the existing schedule of the project (Popescul, and Georgescu, 2013). The working process of the project can be triggered by implementing new technologies, storage medium, network support, security parameters, and division of works. The project oriented approach works on the principles of defining the problems, assessing the problems, Designing the mitigation policies, provision for management, publishing the upgrading procedures, requesting for change from the stakeholders, delivery of the project, consuming the project output, getting profits, and improving the project for future demand (Alves, Fernandes, and Raposo, 2012).  The orientation of the project should be designed in the direction of the project goal and capabilities of the team members. The duration of the project activities should be designed after analysing the capabilities of the team members in completing the given task. The following diagram shows the framework of principles for project orientation:

The adoption of the project orientation helps in upgrading the project according to the requirement of the project success criteria to fulfil the satisfaction level of the customers.

The success of the project can be measured by the efficiency and effectiveness of the project schedule in achieving the project objectives, goals, and mission of the undertaken program (Mansfield Community, 2013). The project management is the systematic sequencing of planning, organizing, staffing, designing, requirement gathering, development, testing, and implementation process for completing the project successfully. The project planning depends upon the learning experience and creative knowledge of the project manager in taking effective decision for the betterment of the project. The project management is the concept of managing knowledge, skills, and expertise of the manager in managing the activities (Jessen, 2013). The core responsibilities of project management is to the integration and management of the project activities, develop the in-scope and out-of-scope activities according to the project requirement, time management system, cost management system, estimating quality standard, Develop procurement and management plan, human resource management plan, initialization of communication flow, developing risks register, and development of stakeholder management plan. The tasks should be identified according to the requirement of project goal, mission, vision, and objectives of the project. The project management is composed of five processes to design a project within the given project boundaries of time and cost. The systematic arrangement of project boundaries results in flourishing the sequence of activities effectively. The five process of the project management are explained below:

Project Initiation: The project is initialized with the research agenda. The proposal of the project should be clearly defines its associated goal and objectives.

Project Planning: The planning focuses on collecting data from different sources so that scheduling of project activities for accomplishing the given tasks can be effectively done.

Project execution: The project execution is the project of identifying the flow of information which exists with the completion of project activities program

Monitoring and control: The control parameters should be drawn for controlling the flow of information, data, and resources among the member participants of the project. The monitoring of the project helps in analysing the long term sustainability of the project.

Project Closure: The project closes with the handover of the project for operation by analysing the successful results of the test plan.

The literature review on analysing the relationship between the project governance and the project success parameters helps in drawing research hypothesis for analysing the performance of the project units. The problem domain, accumulation of risks and uncertainty, contribution of stakeholders, and assumption and constraints associated with the project helps in measuring the success of the project in terms of project governance control measures.

Research Hypothesis 1: Correlation and interdependencies between project success and project governance

The success and failure of the project can be measured by analysing the contribution of the stakeholders in accomplishing the given tasks within the pre-defined parameters of the project. The priorities should be associated with the stakeholder engagement management plan for getting access to the required resources of the project (Dahie, Osman, and Omar, 2017). The stakeholders should actively participates in designing the innovative planned strategy for resolving the uncertainties comply with the project development life cycle. The information delivery is the major factor for analysing the project success because the project activities are interlinked and interconnected in completing the tasks. The outcome of one activity will act as an input for the other activities.

Research Hypothesis 2: Inter-relationship between the stakeholder contribution and the project success

The parameters should be designed for setting quality standards of the project development phases so that the efficiency of the stakeholder can be measured in completing the given tasks. The focus should be given on providing the right information to the right person The control measures should be analysed for managing the flow of information between the internal and external stakeholders within the domain of organization hierarchy (Lindh, 2012). The process driven program should be arranged for the stakeholder engagement program so that quality of work can be retrieved from the amalgamated work provided by the stakeholders working under the single units. The team is responsible for providing the effective results of the undertaken process for completing the project activity program.

Research Hypothesis 3: Inter-relationship between the controlling parameters of organization hierarchy for project governance and project success:

The balance should be maintained between the project governance and project success because the flow of information between the organization hierarchy should be according to the demand of the project development phase. The priority should be arranged on the resources and information to gain access by the authorised units. The process control structure should be created for measuring the gaps which exists with the undertaken process and strategy which is deployed for governing and controlling the project activities program (Kharaiweish, 2013). The parameters which are used for analysing the success of the project are efficiency of the process, profit earned, consequences of the project, future implication of the project, and stakeholder contribution and satisfaction.

The research framework is designed for analysing the effectiveness of the project governance on achieving the project success. The major area of the research is the operational plan implemented by the NGOs working in Yemen for the growth and development of the local people. The working operational plan of the NGOs is taken under consideration for analysing the role of project governance in improving the working by applying the concept of project governance (Muller, 2014). The case study helps in analysing that The NGOs of Yemen are facing problem in managing the resources supply and demand for the development of the people due to inefficiency of the contractors and the monitoring of the local government. The research starts by identifying the research agenda and research questions for the proposed topic. The data is collected from the literary sources for analysing the limitation of the NGOs working in Yemen. The efficiency and effectiveness of the project governance helps in evaluating that the performance of the NGOs can be improved by deploying the principles of project governance. The methodology of project governance provides a systematic planning of activities which are lay down by the NGOs in providing services and facilities to the people residing in the Yemen (Struben, 2010). The rules of contractual agreement focus on signing agreement to manage resources delivery on time according to the requirement placed by the NGOs. The active participation of the members in the development process is the major concern for the success of the operational plan in the public benefit. The visualization of the research findings helps in upgrading the working capability of the NGOs in analysing the systematic growth in public health. The collection of the literary sources helps in analysing the research work proposed and developed by the researchers for improving the operational capability of the NGOs. The development of the public and private partnership plays a vital role in managing the resources for the successful completion of the project activities. It provides deep interpretation of the gaps which exists in the working scenario of the project development program organized by the NGOs. It helps in providing new opportunities and areas of concern for improving the limitation of project management methodology. The new framework of planning process by signing contractual agreement between the internal and external stakeholders helps in guarantee the achievement of project success by the active participation of the public and private sector organizations to provide funds and resources to the NGOs for the development plan of the local people (Azzam, Quaran, and Mohammad, 2015). The diagram below shows the relationship between the project governance and project success:

The above figure shows that the effective project governance can be developed by getting participation from the stakeholders and development of the stakeholder engagement plan. The behaviour of the project stakeholders should be judged for forecasting the success and failure of the project. The stakeholders and organization behaviour can be controlled by deploying the effective schedule for the management of communication between them. The success of the project can be measured in terms of project efficiency in completing the given tasks within the given term and condition, identifying the benefits and profit earned by the organization, identifying the consequences and output of the undertaken project, defining future scope of the project to achieve long term sustainability of the project, and development of the stakeholder matrix for identifying the level of satisfaction with the allocated work and responsibilities (Morgan, and Gbedemah, 2010)).

The systematic study of project governance and project management helps in analysing the relationship which exists between them for measuring the success of the project. The conceptual model should be developed for analysing the relationship between the project governances and systematic approach undertaken to achieve the project success within the boundaries of pre-defined variables (Christenson, 2010). The critical success of the project can be achieved by the systematic process used for defining the project boundaries are analysis of the project alignment with the business processes, identifying the project sponsorship, evaluation of the assured benefits, development of the capability matrix, analysis of the stakeholder management plan, planning of the project activities, and development of the quality standards and measurement for analysing the level of satisfaction earned in the end users (Rabechini, and Carvalho, 2013).

The efficiency of the NGOs operating plan can be improved by deploying the conceptual model because it helps in sequencing the project activities according to the requirement of the project.

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