Antenna Technologies And Advanced Wireless Protocols

Horn antenna

This is a example of antenna wire that is mostly utilized in flaring, this is the change of the radiation effectiveness through using  a wave control that has a long gap,  this forms a startling cutoff in the gradual wave transformation. It is mostly utilized in UHF and SHF recurrence ranges(Gehrin,2016). During the change procedure, the beam is step by step changed into a radiation this increases its focusing strength. It works with expanding directivity and lessening diffraction criteria to enhance correspondence process. There are diverse sorts of horns radio wire this incorporates, sectoral, pyramidal and conical horns. It has disadvantages  and merits in technology industry.

Merits

• Its directivity is very high during beam transformation
• It forms beams that have narrow width,.
• Has no hanging waves during its transformation process
• Has high matching and impedance

Demerits

• Very large flare angles are needed.
• Directivity of the beam  that is generated during transformation is determined by flare angles

Yaqi antenna

Yaqi antenna is mostly used due to its good characteristics e.g high gain and high performance.it has very many directors that makes the directivity and functioning of antenna to be excellent(Heinzelman,2010). With reflectors at its surface that redirects available energy in the direction which the beam is being transmitted to this reduces loss of energy in the antenna and makes it more efficient. Commonly used with TV operators where single frequency is needed.

Advantages

• There is low energy loss during beam transformation process.
• Its focusing is very clear since the beam is highly directed.
• Its frequencies cover a wide area.
• Its maintenance and repair are very cheap.
• Very high gain is achieved.

Demerits

• Its affected by noise.
• Mostly affected by weather factors e.g rainfall, and windy.  

Cellular antenna

This antenna is used in boosters and amplifiers. This type of antenna are connected to the cellphones directly or any other device through their adapter. They are characterized with low frequency levels and their size is very small(Lueng  et al,2009). They are made through a process called photo etching by die-electric materials. Mostly used airports and   aircrafts for communication.

They have the following disadvantages and  merits.

Merits

• They are more portable since they are light in weight
• They are easy to install
• They are very cheap

 Disadvantages

• They have inefficient radiations.
• Their frequency bandwidth is very little.

Yaqi antenna is more efficient since it has low energy loss, high gain and it produces beams that have high direction this makes it to  be more efficient.

Wireless technology is the term that defines all the devices that convey and transmit information through radio frequencies rather using cables. This technology is used to enhance communication between devices that supports wireless communication .Examples of wireless communication device include Wi-Fi ,WiMAX and LTE.

Wi-Fi

This is a type of  IEEE 802 family  and local area network that is used in broadband network coverage. Its is a half-duplex since all the stations share  the same channel (Raychaudhur,2015). 

Functioning

Wi-Fi communication is made possible through radio signals that carry the network frequencies from one point to another. Signals are produced by Wi-Fi antennae which are then received by end devices like computers that are equipped with Wi-Fi cards(Rangisetti et al,2017). When the signal is received its is read and the device creates a data connection with the cord 

Access points which are for the most part comprising of receiving wires and switches that are utilized as the two recipients and transmitters. All more so the reception apparatuses are utilized in wide zone organizations while switches are utilized in home systems.

The system can also be used in Wi-Fi hotspot by introducing a passageway to an internet connection. Access points transmits the frequencies over given area which are then received by the Wi-Fi gadgets, for example, telephones and PCS(Wang,2014).The hotspots are mostly  part put in region such healing facilities or schools where numerous individuals are so they can get access to the network.

Yagi antenna

Despite the fact that being a decent innovation it has the following shortcoming and qualities.

Merits

• It’s  cheap
• Multiple devices can be connected to the network
• It can be accessed from anywhere  as long as the device is within the range
• Devices can be added to the network without requiring more wiring.

Demerits

• Easily attacked by hackers
• Has very low speed
• They are interfered by change environmental conditions.

Bluetooth technology

This is short range remote wireless technology that is expected to supplant cabling inside a little system. The innovation utilizes Ad hoc technology that has a little are range scope therefore can likewise be called Personal Area network (Essinger et al,2013).

Functioning

Its uses   radio frequency for communication between the connected devices. The technology enables any Bluetooth enables device to communicate within the network. It offers communication up to 10 meters range.

This technology has the following merits and demerits 

Merits

• Passes through walls
• Consumes low energy
• It can be used for voice transfer

Demerits

• Low bandwidth
• Low communication range      

 WiMAX network

WiMAX is one will be one of wireless technology broadband innovation that is being utilized today. It gives broadband access to both private and venture clients in a way that is economical. It works like Wi-Fi wireless network yet has high speeds over incredible separations and bolster countless. The network can likewise be utilized in zone where the wired networks can’t be utilized since it has a scope speed of up 15Mbs out of 3km scope.

The following are some of the merits and demerits of the Wi-Fi.

Merits

• It is used by many users.
• Has high speed

Demerits

• Its affected by change in weather conditions e.g. rainfalls
• Network can be interrupted with other  wireless technology

Security challenges

Unauthorized access.

If an attacker can get access to the network he can get access to information   from other connected devices without the knowledge of the owners .This means that the network has to be highly protected with encrypted passwords.

 Direct attack

This  an attack where by the intruder get access to the network makes changes to the network with aim of  getting access to classified information from the genuine users of the network.

1. Software defined network  (Sdn)

Sdn is innovation that makes wireless network more portable and convenient by isolating the information designs and control designs errands. Its assumes a part in the conveying versatile systems to arrange work virtualization for versatile and adaptable situating of the center portable systems which can likewise be known as the control boards .Before any sending of a system SDN urges the analysts to accomplish all the more live investigations for high system adaptability this makes the system to be more sensible. There three branches that make SDN to achieve its errands (Rangisset et al,2017).They incorporate foundation layer, control layer and application layer. Usage of the of the three layers in any system will make it more reasonable and adaptable

Foundation layer- This is the layer of the SDN that is contains SD-switches. At the point when a bundle touches base to this switch its checked on the off chance that it is appropriate at that point sent to the following switch for handling.

Control layer- This layer interconnect with framework layer through an open stream convention .Application layer – many system applications can be produced through this layer.

Sdn in LTE

This kind of systems are intended to offer high rates of information plan to clients. They require staggering expense and of administration since they should be more adaptable .SDN has the accompanying parts in them it handles a bigger number of cell phone that is bolstered by the system (Bernardos et al,2017). All the more so it handles the continuous versatility of the numerous remote systems inside the information plan. The greater part of the capacities that were difficult to be performed long prior in remote system can now effectively be done at the control plan part this is all the advantage of SDN.

Security with sdn

Through outline of systems with SDN their new security designs that specialists have thought of .This incorporate the following.

Information plane there a few assaults that may make through utilization of switches this can be forestalled through utilization of check and stream leads inside the system.

Assaults on the application plane and abuse of the of the controller code and vindictive application .This controlled through approval and authentication before any client gain admittance to the given system.

Defective resilience in SDN-This is another issue that prevents the stream of portable system typical caused by controller or application failure.

References

Bernardos, C. J., Oliva, A. d. l., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., & Zuniga, J. (2014). An architecture for software defined wireless networking . IEEE Wireless Communications, 21(3), 52-61. doi: 10.1109/MWC.2014.6845049 

Essinger, S., Zhu, X., Schnee, M., Liu, J., Shen, X., Chen, L. and Lu, J., Metrologic Instruments

Inc,2013. Wireless dual-function network device dynamically switching and reconfiguring from a wireless network router state of operation into a wireless network coordinator state of operation in a wireless communication network. U.S. Patent 8,457,013.

Gehring, S., Lynch, W., Rahardja, K., Rogerson, G., & Sparrell, C. J. (2016). Antenna

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Heinzelman, W. R., Chandrakasan, A., & Balakrishnan, H. (2010, January). Energy-efficient

communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In System sciences, 2000.

Proceedings of the 33rd annual Hawaii international conference on (pp. 10-pp). IEEE.

Lueng, K. T., Dao, S., & Shek, E. (2009).Networking and antenna communication U.S. Patent

No.7,483,693. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Raychaudhuri, D., & Wilson, N. D. (2015). ATM-based transport architecture for multiservices

wirelesspersonal communication networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 12(8), 1401-1414.

Rangisetti, A. K., & Tamma, B. R. (2017). Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey of

Issues and Solutions. Wireless Personal Communications, 97(4), 6019-6053. doi: 10.1007/s8.

Wang, C. X., Haider, F., Gao, X., You, X. H., Yang, Y., Yuan, D., … & Hepsaydir, E. (2014).

Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 122-130.