1. Types of Antenna
Horn Antenna: – Horn antennas are viewed as flared waveguides. They could attempt more conveniently as a consequence parabolic reflector as construct in dish antenna. Horn antennas are working with satellites or microwaves application. A waveguide normally used for transferring of EM wave it shall not closely connected with free space impedances and which results in the reflecting power and the standing wave. The mismatch is abstained by flaring the end of waveguides that create the horn antenna. (Antenna Types, 2016)
YAGI Antenna: – These antennas were mainly working with the TV receptions, they are suited for wide frequency range hence they are designed for one frequency only. These antennas are made up of the one driven element and the one reflector and the one or more directors. These are built by the aluminium tube and the aluminium cross members. Yagi antennas have bandwidth in ranges of 30 to the 80 degree which may provide well in the excess of 10 dBi passive gains.(Antenna Types, 2016)
Log Periodic Antenna:- The main advantage of the log periodic antennas is its broad bandwidth applications. These are constructed by the differents length driven element. The long range and the short range element is of half wavelength long at lowest and the highest density of interests. The element of these antennas are fed with the transmission lines segment. The different state of indications is sent to the different elements are to be properly set up to attain high directivity and the best gain. (Antenna Types, 2016)
Sector antenna:- Semi-directional antenna is the another form of sector antennas. These antennas proffer an pie-shaped radiation patterns which is occasionally installed in what are called as the sectorized array. The bandwidth of the sector antennas could be in range of 60 to 180 degree with 120 degree being prototypal. Sectorized array antennas are attached back to back to provide the full 360-degree coverage. Sector antennas are used greatly for the cellular communications.(Antenna Types, 2016)
Parabolic Reflector or Dish Antenna:- These antennas is used in parallelism with the horn antennas which is basically made up of metal or the screen mesh. When the transmission commence EM waves falling onto the wide dish and get radiated into the air during receptions EM waves fall onto dish and get focused to horn antenna. A parabolas are like symmetric curves; parabolic reflectors are a surface which describe that a curve throughout in 360-degree rotations. Parabolic antennas has a very compresed beam width, usually not outreaching 25 degrees. Parabolic antenna is work with for the long distance communication links between the buildings or over the broad geographic areas. Large parabolic antennas are used for the radio astronomy and that could provides a gain of 10 million or about 70 dpi.(Antenna Types, 2016)
Broadband Dipole Antenna: Broadband Dipole antennas are basically used for both short distance, medium distance and Long distance communication. Its propagation ranges from 1.5 to 30 MHz frequencies.
- With the FDMA distributed signals are to be allocated to a frequency channel. FDMA are the basic technology in the analog Advanced Mobiles Phone Systems. With the FDMA each channel could be allocated to only one user at the time. FDMA are work with in total access communication systems. In contrast, of the CDMA each users is allocated a seperate pseudorandom binary sequences which modulates carrier and distributing the spectrum of the waveform and providing each users a particular code patterns. These technologies are used in ultra-high-frequency cellular telephone systems in range between 800 MHz and 1.9 GHz band.(RF Wireless World, 2012)
- FDMA distributes the shared medium bandwidths in to the individual channel. Subcarriers modulated by the information which is to be transmitted and occupy each subchannels. In contrast, of the Spread spectrums are the techniques of the CDMA. The compressed and the digitizal voice signals are to be processed in an XOR logic circuits along with a higher frequency coded chipping signals. The results are that digital voices are spread over a much widers bandwidths that could be shared with the other users using the different code.(RF Wireless World, 2012)
- The FDMA relocate only one phone circuit at the time. If the FDMA channels are not operating, then it remains free and if it cannot be utilize by the other users to amplify its share capacity. In contrast of the CDMA channel the same bandwidths is clocked up by all users and they are allocated unique codes which discriminate them from each others. CDMA employ the spread spectrums techniques in which a ditributing signal which is unrelated to the signal and have a large bandwidths are work with to distribute the narrow band messages signals.(RF Wireless World, 2012)
|
Approach |
FDMA |
CDMA |
|
Aim |
Division of constancy band into disjoint subband |
Dispersion of the sequence using orthogonal codes. |
|
Terminal |
Each station have its own continuous range |
Each station could be active at the same location at same stage uninterrupted. |
|
Signal separation |
Detersion in the constancy domain |
Code and the special receiver. |
|
Transmission scheme |
Endless |
Repeated |
|
Cell capacity |
Bounded |
Infinite limits on channel boundry |
|
Advantages |
Manageable, authorized, concentrated |
Adjustable, less constancy planning needed, smooth handover |
|
Disadvantages |
Determined, contancy are scarce resource |
Circuitous receivers, requires more complex power control for transmitters |
|
Comment |
Particularly associated with the TDMA and SDMA. |
furthermore faces some problems, higher complication, lowered assumption, will be unified with TDMA or FDMA |
Wifi is the bounded area called wireless technology which support an electronic equipment to send data and connect to internet using the radio waves. Mostly electronic devices use WiFi like the PCs, video games and camera and the digital audio player. Router and Wireless Adapter helps in WiFi operation. Their function are Wireless adapter on the Personal Computer which converts data into the radio signal and carry signal with the help of an antenna and the Wireless router gets and decrypt the signal. Also, it supports to transmit the information to the Internet using the physical and the Ethernet connection. Data security risks and limited range and the interference are some facts that strongly affect the performance of the WiFi. (Wireless Head, 2016)
Lifi is an addition of the Visible Light Communications are an arising paradigm in the list of the beginning wireless technologies. Their speed and usability, flexibilitys and other advantage make them a good one. LiFi provies wireless communication with help of the visible light. It adds a range of frequencies and the wavelengths commencing from the infrared to ultraviolet. By using light from LED LiFi as a wireless technology helps to send data efficiently and more securely. These wireless technologies in this way is surely said to replace the WiFi routers thereby becoming the internet at speed of light. It can use speeds between 3.5Gbit/s per color. (Wireless Head, 2016)
Wireless technologies are gaining more popularity because it is more faster and doesn’t require any sort of wired connections. This wireless technology supports the 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates. It works with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Multiple Input Multiple Output technology for its functioning. (Wireless Head, 2016)
Bluetooth is the limited range of data communication platform which helps in the connection of devices for the different applications. It is not in ideal form among the latest and the beginning wireless technologies while there is a need to transfer large amounts of the data. They occasionally carry data at speeds of up to 721 Kbps. The aim of Bluetooth as a wireless technology was to enable the users to replace cables between devices. Uses of Bluetooth are multiuse telephones, File Transfer and Synchronization. Up to the 8 devices could be connected together. In Bluetooth one will act as a master and the 7 others as slaves. Bluetooth technology is used in the devices that are headphones, speakers, wireless mouse, data exchange between mobile phones etc. (Wireless Head, 2016)
GiFi is a wireless communication at a data rate of about one gigabits per second. GiFi is the first integrated transceiver which integrated on one chip that permits transfer of video and audio at a speed of 5 GBPS. GiFi have ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate in the range of ten meters. GiFi has the number of applications that could be used in the different places and devices that include wireless networks, smartphones, mm waves and the media access control. The main reasons for popularity of GiFi Wireless technology is due to high power consumptions, low ranges of frequency operations and the slow rate of formers technologies which include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. GiFi makes use of very tiny antenna that could be used by the mobile device. (Wireless Head, 2016)
Antenna Types. (2016). Retrieved August 18, 2017, from https://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/main.php.
RF Wireless World. (2012). Retrieved August 18, 2017, from https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/FDMA-versus-TDMA-versus-CDMA.html.
Wireless Head. (2016). Retrieved August 17, 2017, from https://wireless-head.net/latest-developments.html
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