Definition of artificial intelligence
Discuss about the Artificial Intelligence.
The term artificial means anything that has not been generated naturally or anything that resembles something unnatural. Artificial intelligence is an intelligence that has been demonstrated by the machines. It forms a part of the computer science. Any device that perceives the digital environment and tries to enhance the chances for achieving the pre-set goals is known as the intelligent agents or artificial intelligence. The term artificial intelligence is also known as the machine intelligence. A machine can become artificially intelligent if it can do certain human-based jobs like learning and problem solving. The artificial intelligence is a process to take proper decisions for achieving certain goals generated through machines (Russell and Norvig 2016). The idea of artificial intelligence is based on the notion that the machines can imitate certain human intelligences. Such intelligences can be classified as learning, reasoning and perceptions. The modern approach of the artificial intelligence has changed the old concept and a new approach has been introduced where the process of optimal character recognition does not include under the definition of artificial intelligence anymore (Copeland and Reynoldson 2017). Rather, the self-driving cars are recognized as an instance of the artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence has been used in many places such as strategic game systems, intelligent routings and in military simulations. However, there are certain controversies taken into place over the artificial intelligence. According to certain cyber experts, the scope of the artificial intelligence should be limited in nature or the human could not control the highly developed machines (Bond and Gasser 2014). Highly developed machine will redesign them in an exponential rate. Further, threat has been generated regarding the high-developed machine as they can easily hack the human system and can weaponise them.
Artificial intelligence has been applied on the story telling devices in the end of nineties century. It has been observed that most of the artificial intelligence ethics have reached their faith regarding the formal reasoning philosophy. Considering the history of artificial intelligence, Mery Shelly has introduced the common fictions regarding the artificial intelligence in the year 1982. According to Alan Turing, “the theory of computation admission has been suggested for reshuffling certain symbols like zero and one which are conceivable in the cybernetics” (Zhu 2016). The digital computers can simulate any process of formal reasoning and it has been observed under the process of artificial intelligence that such neurobiology and information theory can be useful for the settlement of the historical identification of artificial intelligence. The theory of artificial intelligence has been derived its origin at the workshop of Dartmouth college in 1956 (Copeland 2015). It has further been observed that Arthur Samuel of IBM and John Mccarthy of MIT were the founder and leaders of the artificial intelligence research. Their invention had shook the world and the computers learning processes has been developed by taken into consideration certain strategies to resolve the problems in Algebra and short and logical theorems (Copeland 2015). Further, in the year 1956 the United States Research Organization has developed a computer that can generate English-speaking courses under the Council of department of Defense. It has been credited by Herbert Simon that this mission will be capable any work a man can do within 20 years and the problem of creating artificial intelligence has substantially been resolved. However, it has been observed that certain difficulties cropped up regarding the progression of artificial intelligence, where the device has getting slower down in the year 1974 and the process has been criticized by many Scholars and cyber researchers.
History of Artificial intelligence
The United States government has taken certain productive progressions and processes and start button problem has been promoted in the year 1980 by the refining section of commercial success expert systems. However, there are certain positive aspects of the artificial intelligence system but it has been observed that fifth generation computer projects inspired by the US and British governments and the funding for academic reference became very profitable. The nature and function of the artificial intelligence system has able to solve many human related problems and can think about the human beings and can develop and grow out the cyber Technologies by the Japanese fifth generation computer project. Business related to the artificial intelligence has become one of the most profitable businesses in the world and it helps to solve many problems by the help of the machines. Further development regarding the artificial intelligence has been observed in between the year 1990 and 2001 where the artificial intelligence has been used for logistics data mining medical diagnosis and other areas (Gero 2014). Many artificial intelligent machines has been developed in the year 1990 to 2001 where the computers can play certain intelligent works and “deep blue” become the first computer that has an installation of chess playing system and the system was invented to beat a reigning world chess champion (Russell and Norvig 2016). It has been observed by many historical consensus that certain new examinations has been founded up regarding the artificial Intelligence and many innovations has been taken into consideration regarding the significant role of first computers algorithmic improvements and access to large amounts of data that enabled the advanced machine learning process by perception and data hungry system. One of the most landmark year for the artificial intelligence was 2015 when certain software projects has been improvised for the artificial intelligence that introduced by the Google from a sporadic uses in 2012 to more than 2700 projects. According to the report that has been submitted by the Google in the year 2011 refills that the data indicating a role rates regarding the imagination processing tasks have been following significantly and the CEO of Google has attributed this to an increase in affordable neural networks and the Cloud Computing infrastructure has been generalized (Nilsson 2014). From the aspect of historical foundation of the artificial intelligence, the last software has been made in the year 2017 when certain companies have been rebooted that they had incorporated artificial intelligence in some processes by developing the research tools and datasets.
Present condition of artificial intelligence
The present condition of Artificial Intelligence should be defined by different outset of the intelligent system in various aspects. From the military context intelligence there have two distinct meanings. From the first point of view, anyone can refer to the information of significance by that military operations and other security analyzing services could be operated. On the other hand, from the view of second meaning it can be stated that the inventor of the label artificial intelligence could have done all the human related artificial intelligence matters and resolved all of them in their own systematic way (Russell and Norvig 2016). Mini advancements has been made regarding the artificial Intelligence and the machine learning systems today and it has been observed that an influx of tools and Solutions starting to leverage cognitive capabilities grown up. For that, it has been observed that the tools and solution that introduced between the years of 19th century and 21st century has failed to resolve certain reflections and the main aim of the artificial intelligence has not been properly fruitful. ‘
According to Jonas Nwuke, the system of artificial intelligence has been invented to help the people who make better decisions but it has been observed that the system has learnt to go through better experience and interests with the human in a more natural way (Zang et al. 2015). On the other hand it can be stated that the artificial intelligence is a great marketing term and much development on the program could resolves many human related problems through artificial intelligence capabilities and the average user of app will get smarter compared to their earlier state. According to the CEO of Neurala, “artificial intelligence is really taking the brain and trying to emulate it in software.” Therefore, it can be stated that the artificial intelligence is in a very good path right now and certain challenges have been cropped up in this case; but the system is learning to resolve all this processes and disputes in their own way and trying to achieve its main goal. Certain changes have been observed in case of artificial intelligence in the modern world (Spiro et al. 2017). The features of the artificial intelligence have been developed and the businesses are striving to include their services and solutions under the privileges of the artificial Intelligence. It has been observed that the business related to the artificial intelligence apps able to leverage the Digital brains that are already in place and most of the people start using the missions learning and artificial based systems for making their works in way that is more dynamic. It has been observed that certain artificial intelligence programs such as Face book, Google, IBM and Microsoft has become flourished and become a cognitive system that design to understand the data reason and learn at scale (Wenger 2014). By the development of artificial intelligence, many companies have able to build their own digital brain and despite being a small company, they have not grown as a multinational company in the world
References:
Bond, A.H. and Gasser, L. eds., 2014. Readings in distributed artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann.
Charniak, E., Riesbeck, C.K., McDermott, D.V. and Meehan, J.R., 2014. Artificial intelligence programming. Psychology Press.
Copeland, D. and Reynoldson, L., 2017. How to avoid’summoning the demon’: The legal review of weapons with artificial intelligence. Pandora’s Box, (2017), p.97.
Copeland, J., 2015. Artificial intelligence: A philosophical introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
Copeland, J., 2015. Artificial intelligence: A philosophical introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
Gero, J.S. ed., 2014. Artificial intelligence in design’91. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Nilsson, N.J., 2014. Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann.
Russell, S.J. and Norvig, P., 2016. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited,.
Russell, S.J. and Norvig, P., 2016. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited,.
Spiro, R.J., Bruce, B.C. and Brewer, W.F. eds., 2017. Theoretical issues in reading comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence and education (Vol. 11). Routledge.
Wenger, E., 2014. Artificial intelligence and tutoring systems: computational and cognitive approaches to the communication of knowledge. Morgan Kaufmann.
Zang, Y., Zhang, F., Di, C.A. and Zhu, D., 2015. Advances of flexible pressure sensors toward artificial intelligence and health care applications. Materials Horizons, 2(2), pp.140-156.
Zhu, H., 2016. Associate Editor Haibin Zhu.
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