Recruitment of the Sample
Yes. Health and wellbeing are significantly compromised in pandemic which reflected in social distancing, high mental health, frequent mortality rate and delayed clinical care. In this case, study aims to assess identifying health behavior of the UK population.
Can’t tell. Bloomfield and Fisher (2019), reported that in cohort study, sample must be recruited based on similarity in the exposure status and they must be free from outcome. In this case, while no true cohort recruitment is mentioned, the cohort recruitment might consider the 4,168 confirmed cases after 13th April. Since, non-random sampling using different media is conducted initial ways, it was not recruited in acceptable ways (Phillips et al., 2021)..
Yes. The health behavior of the sample were measuring using Follow-up surveys in three, six and twelve months. However, the demographic data regarding existing diseases, maternal education, ethnicity and comorbid situations were mentioned in demographic data (Rutberg, S., & Bouikidis, 2018).
Yes. In cohorts, outcome measurement is crucial for addressing the biases in the research (Ranganathan & Aggarwal, 2018). In this case, the outcome was measured using SF12v1 measure where loss of cough, fever, loss, basic behavior regarding mental and physical health were included.
Yes. Confounding factors are the outside factors that influence the changes in the Asset of dependent and independent variable and hence, reduce biases (Sul, Martin & Eskin, 2018). Researchers identified all important confounding factors that may influence the research results. For example, the demographic data regarding existing diseases, maternal education, ethnicity and comorbid situations, children under the age of 5-years, gender level factors and caring responsibility were mentioned in the research (Phillips et al., 2021).
- The researchers included all confounding factors in design. However, there can be confounding factors that influence the results such as stigma associated with infection, access to the health care system and lack of awareness of the infection. Stigma associated with infection and lack of awareness of the infection often limit positive health behavior and hence, may create bias in obtaining clinical results (Phillips et al., 2021).
- Von Allmen et al. (2019) suggested that validity of the study usually focus on the follow up completeness. In this case, follow up study adopted longitudinal design but follow up rate was 73%. The predicted follow up rate would be 4,168 confirmed cases after 13thApril (43%) who gave consent for the research.
- Toledano et al. (2015), suggested that follow up study must focus on 2 to 4 years. In this case,
The finding suggested that infection prevention behavior has been higher amongst population because compared to other behavior because majority of them exhibit hygiene behaviors, PPE use, uptake of vaccination and social distancing (Phillips et al., 2021). The screening rate of the study is also increased due to COVID 19.
Cannot tell. No data regarding how precious the result is mentioned. The graphical representation indicated differences such as 13.3 to 14.4 in completing base line survey (Phillips et al., 2021).
Yes. Since no data regarding preciousness was mentioned, it is difficult to predict the accuracy of the results. However, majority of the emerging literature suggested such result. Limited discussion of result obtained from the survey limit transparency of the results.
Yes.
The study results can be applied in the local population because all over the world population experience similar physical and mental health behavior. In this context the study is conducted by including the UK population hence it can be implemented in the local population of the UK. In order to implement a result in the population of the United Kingdom, Socioeconomic status, Health Care setting, biological components, gender race and ethnicity must be considered (Keogh-Brown et al.,2019).
Results of this study fit with other available evidence?
The fit into the available evidence, other research suggested that population frequently exhibit PPE, social distancing, high early screening, social deprivation, and uptake of vaccination. However, emerging evidence also suggested the risk of mental illness such as social isolation , anxiety and depression, suicide , substance abuse (Naughton et al.,2021).
Measurement of Outcomes
This study will support professionals to raise awareness regarding early screening and transmission and provide support services in social distancing.
As discussed in the paper that exhibit hygiene behaviors, PPE use, uptake of vaccination and social distancing. The population also exhibit higher level of fear and stigma associated with the infection that aggravate mental health and physical health of the UK population. This study has a high public health promotional implication that contribute to improved physical and mental wellbeing. For example, even though COVID-19 infection-transmission prevention policy is already implemented in the United Kingdom, the adherence with the prevention policy is limited (Patel et al.,2020). The data gathered from the research will support NHS Health Care providers and other Healthcare providers to advocate for appropriate resources to increase social distancing and preventing transmission (Patel et al.,2020). Daniel, (2020), reported that many Healthcare providers experience Limited access to personal protective equipment such as N95 masks, limited educational tools and guideline to support clinical care services. This research will support Health Care providers to provide evidence regarding health behavior of the population and health care setting and seek resources for PPE, hand sanitizers and appropriate space for social distancing. This research will come Global leaders to develop appropriate COVID-19 infection related guideline that can be followed by Health Care providers and local governments to maintain social distancing and preventive measures. Contemporary literature suggested that many local population experience fear of transmission and stigma related to infection. Therefore many of them are not willing to seek clinical services in an emergency while others exhibit low disclosure of the infection followed by death. This research will support government and public health officials to promote knowledge regarding risk factors, impact on body, treatment and prevention using pamphlets and social media advertisements (Geldsetzer, 2020). Since participants were recruited social media, educational information regarding infection prevention through social media will improve their adherence to social distancing, improve disclosure of the information, vaccination and uptake of support services. The mental health of UK population has been a significant concern in COVID19 as distance with the loved ones, fear of contraction of the disease and limited access to the services (Savage et al.,2020). This program will support professionals to advocate for early screening of mental health and online mental health services in order to prevent high mental health issues in pandemic. Delayed care is one of the fundamental aspects observed which reduce utilization of primary and clinical setting, especially Wales (Gonzalez et al.,2021). In this case, this paper has an implication in advocating for the electronic health record or online support for the patients suffering from the infection. The online support without physically seeking clinical assistance can reduce the risk of the infection and enable patients and providers to support clients without contracting infection during peak infection periods (Gonzalez et al.,2021). The research will also provide public health of United Kingdom with an insight for implementing rapid vaccinations and accessibility of the basic resources in the peak infection of period. Hence, it will promote positive experience and positive health behavior while reducing negative experience and health behavior.
References:
Bloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research design. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association, 22(2), 27-30. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.738299924514584
Daniel, S. J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 49(1), 91-96. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3/
Geldsetzer, P. (2020). Knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 among the general public in the United States and the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional online survey. Annals of internal medicine, 173(2), 157-160. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M20-0912
Gonzalez, D., Karpman, M., Kenney, G. M., & Zuckerman, S. (2021). Delayed and Forgone Health Care for Nonelderly Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/103651/delayed-and-forgone-health-care-for-nonelderly-adults-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.pdf
Keogh-Brown, M. R., Jensen, H. T., Edmunds, W. J., & Smith, R. D. (2020). The impact of Covid-19, associated behaviours and policies on the UK economy: A computable general equilibrium model. SSM-population health, 12, 100651. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827320302883
Naughton, F., Ward, E., Khondoker, M., Belderson, P., Marie Minihane, A., Dainty, J., … & Notley, C. (2021). Health behaviour change during the UK COVID?19 lockdown: Findings from the first wave of the C?19 health behaviour and well?being daily tracker study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(2), 624-643. https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjhp.12500
Patel, R., Barnard, S., Thompson, K., Lagord, C., Clegg, E., Worrall, R., … & Waterall, J. (2020). Evaluation of the uptake and delivery of the NHS Health Check programme in England, using primary care data from 9.5 million people: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open, 10(11), e042963. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/11/e042963.abstract
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Ranganathan, P., & Aggarwal, R. (2018). Study designs: Part 1 – An overview and classification. Perspectives in clinical research, 9(4), 184–186. https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.PICR_124_18
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Sul, J. H., Martin, L. S., & Eskin, E. (2018). Population structure in genetic studies: Confounding factors and mixed models. PLoS genetics, 14(12), e1007309. https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007309
Von Allmen, R. S., Tinner, C., Schmidli, J., Tevaearai, H. T., & Dick, F. (2019). Randomized controlled comparison of cross-sectional survey approaches to optimize follow-up completeness in clinical studies. Plos one, 14(3), e0213822.
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