Benefits Of BIM Collaboration In Architecture, Engineering And Construction Industry

Introduction to BIM collaboration in AEC Industry

With the digital transformations being experienced currently in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry, the use of building information modelling (BIM) in this industry in inevitable. BIM is a process that is used to create and manage digital data and information of a construction project throughout the whole lifecycle of the project – planning, design, construct, operation, and management/maintenance stages. BIM collaboration is used to link technology, processes and people (all stakeholders) involved in the project so as to improve the project’s outcomes (Wang, 2012). The process enables stakeholders to work effectively on the project irrespective of their geographical location. It brings on board different stakeholders involved in the project across all disciplines at the initial stage (i.e. initiation and planning stages) and allows them to give their inputs at different stages and see progress throughout the project (Li, et al., 2014). The various BIM tools enable the project team to review drawings and models being constructed on site right from their mobile devices, ensuring that the team has access to the up-to-date information about the project at all times.

BIM collaboration creates an integrated system that allows consultants, designers and project managers in the offices, engineers and contractors on site, clients in their homes, manufacturers and fabricators in their plants, and suppliers in their warehouses to share information, have real time discussions from wherever they are and make decisions that are needed to facilitate successful completion of construction projects. BIM also helps facilities managers to access crucial information from a central database and use it in space management, assessment management and maintenance plan (wang, et al., 2013). Generally, BIM collaboration enables the entire project team to access the information and tools needed anytime, anywhere.

The key benefits of BIM collaboration include the following: facilitates more streamlined and accurate project planning; helps stakeholders to access project information easily from a central database and in real-time; enables stakeholders to visualize the project fully from the start; helps stakeholders to detect clashes and/or errors early and correct them on time thus reducing variation orders and reworks; enables stakeholders to track progress of the project, including being able to monitor changes during project implementation (Liu, et al., 2016); contributes towards achieving better designs and higher-quality output (Diaz, 2016); allows creation of simulations that help to improve the designs for the purposes of constructability and enhanced operation; enhances communication across the project teams; ensures that projects are delivered on time by minimizing delays; increases accountability, efficiency and productivity; improves project cost estimation and assessment; improves safety on construction sites by identifying possible hazards before they occur and visualizing and planning logistics on site ahead of time; and it reduces costs and risks of executing projects (Mosse, et al., 2020).      

In general, BIM collaboration creates a platform where all stakeholders from different professions can access project data and information (Fadeyi, 2017), make recommendations on areas they want to be changed or improved; observe any changes made to the project; see and track progress of the project; give their opinions where necessary; and communicate with the project team anytime, anywhere. This greatly improves coordination and teamwork, which helps to avoid and detect clashes, minimize reworks and delays, mitigate risks and reduce project cost and time. All these ultimately improve project delivery.      

Key benefits of BIM collaboration

Construction industry is an exceedingly information-dependent sector hence successful implementation of construction projects largely depends on the ease by which relevant stakeholders can access data and how this data is managed (Martinez-Rojas, et al., 2015). In fact, data analytical and technological tools such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, advanced robotics and machine learning are apparently among the top developments that are revolutionizing the construction sector. A wide range of data and information is used at every stage of the construction stage, from conceptual stage to operational stage. Below are some of the different data and information required for successful implementation of building and construction projects:   

Client requirements – this information is used to define various elements of the building such as the type, functionality, quality workmanship and safety of the building. This information also specifies the statement of need, project duration, vision, mission and objectives of the project. Clients are the ones who initiate the project thus their needs form the basis of the project. All other stakeholders (including consultants, engineers, architects, designers and project managers) should use the client needs as the basis for planning and implementing the project.

Stakeholders – this is information about the details of different types of stakeholders that will be involved in the project and their roles and responsibilities. Some of the stakeholders include: client, consultants, architect, engineers, designer, project manager, quantity surveyor, contractor, sub-contractors, suppliers and regulatory agencies (Aapaoja & Haapasalo, 2014). The specific stakeholders depend on the type and size of the project (Rajeev & Kothai, 2014). The contact details of the stakeholders involved in the project is also provided.   

Site conditions – this information gives details about the environmental, ecological, physical, geophysical, climatic, archaeological, and geotechnical conditions of the site. The information is useful in determining the most suitable designs of different components of the building. It also helps the engineers to establish the need for site stabilization and/or improvement before the start of construction.

Environmental data – this information is used to forecast possible weather or climatic conditions that may cause delays during construction stage. As a result, the delays are factored in the project schedule. The environmental data can be graphical or non-graphical.   

Project risks – this is information about the various risks that are likely to affect the project and how they can be avoided or mitigated. They include design, environmental, organizational, external, management, construction, financial, and health & safety risks. The information is used to develop a risk register, which outlines the type/class of risk, risk description, risk likelihood, risk impact, risk mitigation, risk priority and risk ownership.   

Disputes resolution details – this is information about the recommended methods and procedures for resolving any disputes that may arise between different stakeholders involved in the project. The document recommends how the persons, organizations or agencies to be involved in dispute resolution are chosen and paid.  

Financial data – this is data and information about the financial resources needed to implement the project, the payment schedule of the contractor and sub-contractors, the cash flows during the project period and the sources of funds for the project.  

Data and information required for successful implementation of building and construction projects

Quality control and quality assurance records – these are documents containing information about the minimum quality control and quality assurance requirements of the various buildings components and workmanship level. The records are also kept during construction phase to show results of tests, audits, inspections, analysis and reviews of materials, personnel qualifications, work performance monitoring, and equipment performance.

Correspondences and memorandums – this information provides details on the methods and channels of communication between different stakeholders. For example, letters, memos, emails and video conferencing.

Regulatory documents – this is information outlining the necessary details that must be provided to the relevant regulatory authorities for the project to get the necessary regulatory approvals before the start of construction and at different levels of the construction process. Some of the approvals required include development plan approval, demolition permit, building/construction permit and occupancy permit. Where possible, the details of the contact persons representing each regulatory agency should also be provided in the regulatory documents for ease of consultation and communication.

Design documents – these are documents that are used for assessing the technical feasibility and cost viability of the project. They include design reports, data reports, design drawings, technical specifications and cost estimates.

Technical drawings – these are drawings that show how a building structure is built or functions. They are used to show the layout, sizes and positions of different elements of the building. Technical drawings include site/plot plan, excavation plans, floor plans, architectural drawings, elevation drawings, section drawings, detail & structural drawings, mechanical & electrical drawings, plumbing & drainage drawings, shop drawings, finishing drawings, perspective drawings and as-built drawings.

Bid documents – these are documents that are prepared for the purpose of giving prospective bidders necessary information that will assist them during the bidding process. The bid documents include technical, contractual and administrative requirements of the project. They also specify the roles and responsibilities of the key stakeholders such as the client, engineer and contractor. The various bid documents include the following: invitation to bid, instructions to bidders, bid forms, general and specific conditions, technical specifications, construction drawings, and amendments.

Work schedule – this is a technical document that shows the start and finish dates for various project milestones, site delivery dates for different materials and project duration. The schedule has different tasks listed in work breakdown structure (WBS) levels, including civil, mechanical and electrical works.

Bill of quantities (cost estimates) – this is a document that contains estimates (hard and soft costs) of all components of the project. The document is arranged in a format that shows the description of each item, its quantity, rate and total amount. The sum of the total amount of each item gives the estimated grand total of the project. The key items include preliminaries, materials, equipment/tools, labour and miscellaneous parts.

Reports – they include daily reports, weekly reports, monthly reports, quarterly reports and safety reports depending on the type and size of the project.     

Agreement/contract document – this is a legally binding document that contains specific details of the project, including scope of the work, project timeline/schedule, contractor details, contract sum, payment schedule, applicable contract laws, and provisions for environmental and weather delays. The document is signed by both the client and contractor.    

Some of the key factors that contribute to successful implementation of construction projects are communication, collaboration and co-ordination of stakeholders. Implementation of construction projects involves several stakeholders from different disciplines who have to share a variety of data and information at different stages of the project. Several decades ago, it was quite challenging for construction stakeholders to work as a team due to geographical constraints because in most cases, the stakeholders had to hold physical meetings for them to discuss issues related to the project. However, these constraints have been overcome by the modern technologies such as BIM. In simple terms, BIM is an integrated system that is used to design and manage construction projects. The system allows clients, professionals and other stakeholders to interact virtually and more efficiently thus being able to make better and informed project decisions. With BIM, all project teams are able to access and use information from a single model (Ibrahim & Belayutham, 2019). This is very helpful in eliminating the confusion resulting from different file formats. The fact that all teams can access the BIM models anywhere using their digital devices significantly improves collaboration. BIM makes it easier to create a digital database and share information with the client, specialist consultants, designers, architects, engineers, project managers, contractors, manufacturers, fabricators and suppliers, all at the same time. These stakeholders can access all information about the project from their digital devices from wherever they are at any time (Poirier, et al., 2017).

There are different other ways in which BIM improves collaboration in the engineering and construction industry. One of these is through better clash detection and coordination (Al-Ashmori, et al., 2020). BIM tools have automated class detection systems that make it possible to establish if there will be any clashes between different building elements, such as determining if the doorways will have adequate clearance or if there will be a class between the steel beam and electrical conduits. Should there be any clashes identified, the design team can use BIM to coordinate subcontractors, manufacturers, fabricators or suppliers and trades so as to correct the errors before manufacturing, fabrication or construction begins. This ensures better collaboration between the project teams and minimizes the change orders and amount of rework required. Therefore BIM gives the project team the opportunity to collaborate, plan and get it right and avoid clashes before beginning onsite construction (Lu, et al., 2013). This is achieved by allowing the project team from different disciplines to easily access the BIM models and other necessary information, review them, identify any mistakes and issue comments aimed at rectifying the mistakes before construction begins.      

Use of BIM to foster closer collaboration between the engineering team and contractors helps in reducing insurance costs, tender risk premiums, fewer claims opportunities and lower overall variations (Sun, et al., 2021). With BIM, all stakeholders are able to visualize the project and have a better overview that gives room for more prefabrication, which reduces waste and overall costs. BIM ensures that all stakeholders involved in the project have access to the right information at the right time (Onungwa, et al., 2021). This real-time collaboration ensures that accurate information is used to make the right decisions. In case any changes are made, the same is updated and communicated to the entire project team making it easier to implement them. All these improve collaboration and contribute towards successful completion of construction projects.        

The selected element for bill-of-quantities take-off is the roof. The main take-off activity is calculating the area of the roof for block A and block B. The area of the roof is calculated from the roof plans given in the technical drawings. From the technical drawings given, the roof is made up of two materials: slate tiles and concrete slab. The take-off done in this exercise is only for the slate tiles.

The roof of block A comprises of different shapes namely trapezoidal, rectangular, triangular, and parallelogram. The area of the roof is calculated using the following formulae:

Rectangular = l x w (where l = length and w = width)

Triangular = ½ x b x h (where b = base and h = height)

Trapezoidal = ½ x h x (a + b) (where h = vertical height between two parallel sides of trapezium and a = shorter parallel side of the trapezium and b = longer side of the trapezium)

Parallelogram = b x h (where b = base and h = perpendicular height)

The area of the roof is done using the standard take-off paper with five columns as shown below

	Timesing	Dimensions	Squaring	Description
	½/ ½/2/ ½/ ½/ ½/ ½/ ½/2 ½/ ½/ ½/ 2/ ½/2/ 2/	1.36 9.46 5.61 1.36 0.88 2.48 0.88 5.14 1.20 0.36 0.88 2.88 0.40 3.04 0.96 2.48 0.88 3.53 2.53 5.13 1.44 1.36 1.36 3.85 1.36 6.94 1.92 0.64 0.64 0.48 0.88 3.53 0.64 0.64	6.43 7.63 2.18 2.26 0.43 1.27 0.61 1.19 3.10 12.98 0.98 2.62 4.72 1.23 0.62 48.25 Ddt 3.10  0.82 3.92 44.33	Roof area of block A 44m2 Height of trapezium (1.36) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (3.37+6.09) Base of parallelogram (5.61) and perpendicular height of parallelogram (1.36) Height of trapezium (0.88) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (0.80+1.68) Height of trapezium (0.88) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (0.80+1.68) Base of parallelogram (1.20) and perpendicular height of parallelogram (0.36) Height of trapezium (0.88) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (0.96+1.92) Height of trapezium (0.40) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (1.36+1.68) Height of trapezium (0.96) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (1.68+0.80) Height of trapezium (0.88) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (1.36+2.17) Length of rectangle (2.53) and width of rectangle (5.13) Base of triangle (1.44) and height of triangle (1.36) Height of trapezium (1.36) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (1.20+2.65) Height of trapezium (1.36) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (2.81+4.13) Base of parallelogram (1.92) and perpendicular height of parallelogram (0.64) Length of rectangle (0.64) and width of rectangle (0.48) Total area of roof Height of trapezium (0.88) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (1.36+2.17) Length of square (0.64 and width of square (0.64 Deduct total area of voids (3.10+0.82) Net area of the roof (48.25 – 3.92)

Block B

Similar to block A, the roof of block B comprises of different shapes namely trapezoidal, rectangular, triangular, and parallelogram. The area of the roof is calculated using the same formulae as above:

Rectangular = l x w (where l = length and w = width)

Triangular = ½ x b x h (where b = base and h = height)

Trapezoidal = ½ x h x (a + b) (where h = vertical height between two parallel sides of trapezium and a = shorter parallel side of the trapezium and b = longer side of the trapezium)

Parallelogram = b x h (where b = base and h = perpendicular height)

The area of the roof is done using the standard take-off paper with five columns as shown below

	Timesing	Dimensions	Squaring	Description
	½/ ½/ ½/2/ ½/ ½/2/ ½/ ½/ ½/ ½/ ½/ 2/ ½/2/ 2/	0.86 5.40 0.14 1.22 1.08 2.30 0.86 1.08 0.22 0.86 0.22 2.02 1.58 3.17 0.86 1.87 1.58 2.23 2.41 1.08 0.86 0.79 0.29 1.01 0.86 0.65 0.94 9.37 0.22 2.73 0.50 0.22 1.22 0.50 1.94 0.50 2.66 0.50 0.50 5.07 0.58 0.50 1.08 2.3 0.50 0.36 0.86 1.87 1.22 0.72 0.86 0.22 0.65 0.22	2.32 0.09 2.48 0.46 0.19 0.44 5.01 1.61 3.52 2.60 0.68 0.29 0.56 4.40 0.30 0.11 0.61 0.97 1.33 1.27 0.15 29.39 Ddt 1.24 0.36 1.61 0.88 0.38 0.14  4.61 24.78	Roof area of block B 25m2 Height of trapezium (0.86) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (2.45+2.95) Base of triangle (0.14) and height of triangle (1.22) Height of trapezium (1.08) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (0.79+1.51) Base of triangle (0.86) and height of triangle (1.08) Length of rectangle (0.22) and width of rectangle (0.86) Length of rectangle (0.22) and width of rectangle (0.86) Length of rectangle (1.58) and width of rectangle (3.17) Height of trapezium (0.86) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (0.65+1.22) Length of rectangle (1.58) and width of rectangle (2.23) Length of rectangle (2.41) and width of rectangle (1.08) Length of rectangle (0.86) and width of rectangle (0.79) Length of rectangle (0.29) and width of rectangle (1.01) Length of rectangle (0.86) and width of rectangle (0.65) Height of trapezium (0.94) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (4.18+5.19) Height of trapezium (0.22) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (1.22+1.51) Length of rectangle (0.86) and width of rectangle (0.65) Base of parallelogram (1.22) and perpendicular height of parallelogram (0.50) Base of parallelogram (1.94) and perpendicular height of parallelogram (0.50) Base of parallelogram (2.66) and perpendicular height of parallelogram (0.50) Height of trapezium (0.50) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (2.77+2.30) Base of triangle (0.58) and height of triangle (0.50) Total area of roof Height of trapezium (1.08) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (0.79+1.51) Length of rectangle (0.50) and width of rectangle (0.36) Height of trapezium (0.86) and sum of two parallel sides of the trapezium (0.65+1.22) Length of rectangle (1.22) and width of rectangle (0.72) Length of rectangle (0.86) and width of rectangle (0.22) Length of rectangle (0.65) and width of rectangle (0.22) Deduct total area of voids (1.24+0.36+1.61+0.88+0.38+0.14) Net area of the roof (29.39 – 4.61)

 Total area of slate tiles roof = 44m² + 25m² = 69m²

Assume a wastage factor of 10%. The factor will take into account the head lap and breakages. The head lap is created by the overlapping of the slate with the upper and lower course.

Therefore the total materials of slate tiles required for the roof of the proposed buildings is:

= 69m² x 1.1

= 75.9 = 76m²

 Material Substitution 

As mentioned before, the proposed roofing material for the project is standard slate tiles. Slate roof tiles are very common in the UK especially with the older buildings. This roofing material is known to be among the most durable shingles still available in the market today. The slate roof tiles give buildings a beautiful appearance (aesthetically pleasing) and blends perfectly with the environment considering that they are made of 100% natural stone. Other advantages of this roof are: they are environmentally friendly, are fireproof, can be recycled and can insulate the building thus reducing the energy costs.

However, slate roof tiles have some disadvantages that make them not to be the best choice for roofing materials today. This roof is very expensive – both the materials itself and the installation process. The total cost of installing a slate tiles roof per square (100ft²) is about $1,000 to $4,000 on the lower side and $6,000 to $8,000 on the higher side (HomeAdvisor, 2017). Any mistake made during the installation process can be very costly and will make the roof not perform as expected. The roof must be installed by experienced and reputable professionals who are few nowadays.

Another major disadvantage of slate roof is their weight. This roof requires a roof deck to be reinforced so as to be able to hold the weight of the slate roof tiles, which are very heavy themselves. A square (100 square foot) of a typical slate roof can weigh anything between 360kg and 680kg; this requires an assessment to be carried out on the building so as to determine if it is able to support the roof weight before it can be installed (NV Roofing, 2020). Slate tiles roof is also brittle. This complicates its maintenance because if someone has to walk on the roof to repair any damages then there are very high chances of the shingles cracking or breaking. Last but not least, should there be any damage or breakages on the roof, finding a replacement that matches it can be difficult. This is due to the fact that slate is a natural stone hence the chances of visible color variations from one slate to another are very high. Considering the aforementioned pros and cons of slate roof tiles, it is recommended that the proposed roof be substituted with zinc standing-seam roof. ‘

Roofs are vital components of a building that protect the occupants and the properties inside the building from external weather conditions. Nowadays roofs are not just coverings over buildings but they play a key role in controlling indoor temperature (Maiolo, et al., 2020), reducing energy costs (Ugai, 2016), increasing aesthetic value of the building and adding value of the building. Achieving all these depends on the type of roof – design and material. It is therefore important to choose the most suitable type of roof for your building. The proposed roof for the building is slate tiles roof but it is being recommended to be substituted with zinc standing-seam roof. It is worth noting that each type of roof has its advantages and disadvantages. The pros and cons of both the slate tiles roof and zinc standing-seam roof have been discussed below and based on them, zinc standing-seam roof is considered the best choice for the project.

Slate tiles roof is long lasting (has a lifespan of 100 years or more), aesthetically pleasing, energy efficient, environmentally friendly, completely fire resistant, recyclable, low maintenance costs, and available in a wide range of colours and types.  

As mentioned in the section above, the main disadvantages of slate tiles roofs include: they are very expensive (materials and installation costs); they required reputable specialized installers (installation of these roofs in a specialized process that can only be done by specialized master installers who are few and expensive to get); they are too heavy; they are brittle hence can break even with foot traffic; and in case of damages or breakages, it may not be possible to find a perfect match for repair works.      

Zinc standing-seam roof has numerous advantages. Some of these include the following:

Versatile – the roof is extremely versatile and can be painted or tinted in different colours to fit the specific needs and preferences of the client’s project. This makes it to have a unique visual appeal with high-end finishes and flexible enough to meet a wide range of roofing preferences.

Durable – zinc roofing is durable. If installed correctly, these roofs can last for over 100 years with very minimal maintenance needs.

Cost effective – the overall cost of installing a zinc roof is very cheap compared to slate tiles roof. Its long lifespan and zero maintenance costs over its whole lifetime also make it a cost effective roofing option. The average cost of installing a new zinc roof and slate tiles roof is about $200 and $500 per square meter respectively. This shows that zinc roof is more than two times cheaper than slate tiles roof.   

Sustainable – zinc roof is sustainable because it is durable, recyclable, cheaper and energy efficient. The roof will help you reduce energy bills.

Lightweight – zinc standing-seam roof is significantly lighter compared to slate tiles roof. This means that installation of the zinc roof does not require sophisticated structural support components.

Malleability – zinc is malleable hence zinc roofing is suitable for all manner of complex roof designs, including arched and domed roofs.  

Low maintenance – in addition to its long lifespan, zinc prevents moss and fungi from growing on the roof. This keeps the roof looking new for a longer period of time and also reduces the need for repair and/or maintenance.  

Water harvesting – water collected from the roof is clean and safe for use in watering plants and cleaning purposes with no risk of contamination.

Self-reforming – during process, zinc is taken through an oxidation process called patina. During this process, a protective layer is created on the surface of zinc that protects it against weathering and rust. In case the surface gets scratched, the protective layer will reform by itself and spontaneously removes the blemishes.

Environmental friendly – zinc has a lower melting point than other metal roofing materials such as copper and steel. This reduces the energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the processing of zinc materials before use in roofing.

Recyclability – zinc is a recyclable material thus there are no wastes during installation and at the end of its lifetime, the zinc roof material can be recycled into new materials for other uses. This is very important towards environmental conservation and sustainability of zinc roofs.

Just like any other roofing material, zinc roof is not 100% perfect. The material has some drawbacks including the following:

Noise – zinc roofing is not soundproof and may require soundproofing so as to minimize noise penetrating into the building.

Warping and rippling – zinc roofing may develop some ripples and warp especially if it is not properly installed.

The important factors to consider when selecting roofing materials are cost, durability, authenticity, sustainability, availability, weight, ease of installation and maintenance needs. From the information given above, both slate tiles roof and zinc standing-seam roof have advantages and disadvantages. Slate tiles are considered to be conventional roofing materials. These materials are not readily available nowadays hence those planning to use them will have to incur an extra cost in getting and transporting them to the desired destination. Their extremely high cost, brittleness and requirement for specialized installation process have prompted roofing experts to look for alternative roofing materials. Metal roofing, including zinc standing-seam roof, is one of the best alternatives to slate tiles roofing. Zinc roofs are cost effective, environmentally friendly, lightweight, durable, recyclable, readily available, versatile and sustainable. These roofs basically possess all the crucial qualities of a good modern day roof. Considering the location and the roof design of proposed building, zinc standing-seam roof will give the building a unique look. This will make the building outstanding within the outskirts of 3-5 High Street, Kings Heath in Birmingham. As a result, the building will definitely attract occupants and its occupancy rate is expected to remain at 100%. Therefore zinc standing-seam roof will significantly improve the social, environmental and economic aspects of the building.

The change of roof material from slate tiles to zinc standing-seam will definitely affect have an impact on RIBA stages as follows:

Strategic definition – at this stage, the project team, particularly the design team, will have to assess the client’s needs and define the project scope so as to ensure that the new roof material is practical and in line with the client needs and project scope.

Preparation and briefing – in this stage, the project team will have a look at the initial project brief and feasibility studies to ensure that the new roof materials is not contradicting with any findings or recommendations in these documents. The team has to establish if the new roof is in line with the project outcomes, quality aspirations, sustainability outcomes, spatial requirements and project budget.

Concept design – this is the stage where the design team will start designing different options of the new roof until they get the best option that meets the client’s needs.

Spatial coordination – in this stage, the design team will be discussing about the design details and the practical aspects of the new roof, such as how it meets the legal requirements and applicable building regulations. The installation method of the roof will also be discussed here.

Technical design – this is where the project team will prepare all documents required before the start of procurement, manufacturing and construction of the new roof.

Manufacturing and construction – this is where the new roof will be done by the manufacturers, contractor and subcontractors under the supervision of the design team.

Handover – at this stage, the project will be handed over to the client with all the documentations, such as the maintenance manuals. The project team will also be identifying and rectifying any defects and discussing the achievements and misses during the project for improvement in the future projects.

Use – this is the stage where the client will assess if the new roof performs as intended. More focus will be on the sustainability of the roof.

Therefore changing the roof of the building from slate tiles roof to zinc standing-seam roof will implications at all RIBA stages.

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