What is Brain Drain?
Write a Literature Review and Academic Review on Brain Drain in developing country like Vietnam.
Brain drain, can be defined as the process, which consists of the flight of skilled individuals from their motherland to other countries or nations providing better growth opportunities (Boeri 2012). According to experts, human capital flight, primarily refers to the phenomenon of the emigration of the well educated as well as highly skilled individuals (Bodvarsson and Van den Berg 2013). The overall benefits provided by the fight of these skilled as well educated individuals to the sending country is often called “brain gain”, whereas the total expenses borne by the sending country is referred as “brain drain” (Pires 2015). This particular term, is generally considered a slang which is commonly used to denote the significant emigration of the talented as well as educated individuals (Beine and Sekkat 2013). Scholars have attributed various reasons like turmoil within the host or the mother country, better opportunities in terms of job as well as living standards provided by the country to which the individuals are going and several others for the process of emigration as well as brain drain (Boeri 2012). Moreover, apart from the geographical level the process can also happen at the industrial or organizational levels when the employees perceive that the process can help them to get better benefits, wages or higher chances of promotion within the organization and the industry itself (Bodvarsson and Van den Berg 2013). Geographical brain drain is said to occur when talented as well as skilled individuals or professionals migrate from one country to another in search of better opportunities. Organizational brain drain, on the other hand, occurs when there is a mass exodus of skilled as well as talented professionals or workers from an organization, often because of the lack of future growth opportunities provided by the organization in which they had been working (Rowe, Truex and Huynh 2012). Industrial brain drain occurs when talented as well as skilled professionals leave not only the organization or the company but the entire industry itself (Facchini and Mayda 2012).
Immigration, can be defined as the process, which is related to the international migration of individuals or groups of individuals from the country of their birth to some other country in search of better economic as well as personal opportunities (Ratha, Yi and Yousefi 2015). In the present day context, a recent trend of the international migration of skilled professional like doctors, engineers, lawyers and others from the third world countries is noticed (Docquier and Rapoport 2012). Another global trend that is noticed is the pursuing of higher education by the students from the third world countries in the developed or the first world countries (Tran et al. 2016). This trend is generally called the process of skilled migration and is the complete reversal of the ancient process of forced immigration where the natives of some countries like Africa, India and others were forced to leave their motherlands and migrate to other countries by the colonizers to work for them at very cheap price (Ratha, Yi and Yousefi 2015). Even the Bible gives instances of the process of migration, wherein the people were forced to leave their homelands and go elsewhere (Docquier and Rapoport 2012). There are various laws, which have been passed by the host as well as the parent countries regarding the process of migration or immigration. The United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, was accepted by more than 48 nations of the world, the common feature among them being that most of them were the heavy exporters of human beings for the process of cheap labor from the various third world countries (Pires 2015). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), recognizes the right to freedom of movement of the individuals as an important fundamental right of the individuals and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), recognizes the right of the individuals to move within the boundaries of the nation’s borders as well as the decision of the individuals to settle in any part of the nation (Boyle, Halfacree and Robinson 2014). The official process of immigration began with the passing of the Naturalization Act in 1790 when the gates of the continent of North America were opened to everyone willing to pursue the great American dream (Brock and Blake 2014). Even, in the present age the USA is a chief attraction along with countries like Canada, Germany, France and others for millions of people from all over the world (Fitzpatrick and Jones 2012). The following figure shows the immigration rate over the past 10 years
Types of Brain Drain
Figure 1: World migration rate over the past ten years for UK
Source: (Office for National Statistics)
There are several factors, which are responsible for the ever increasing rate of global migration rate. According to a source, every second at least one individual migrates from a third world country to a first world country (Facchini and Mayda 2012). The most important reasons for the process are as follows-
The lack of opportunities provided by the third world countries to the skilled as well as the educated professions is one of the major reasons for the process of migration (Fitzpatrick and Jones 2012). According to a 2016 estimate about 0.3% of the entire population of the country of Vietnam migrates every year to the first world countries in search of better economic opportunities as well as better standards of living (nationsonline.org, 2017).
The under or lack of utilization of the talents of skilled as well as the educated professions forms another reason for the high rate of migration from the third world countries. According to a study, the job satisfaction rate in Vietnam is only 4.9 on a scale of 10 as per a 2016 statistics (nationsonline.org, 2017). Therefore, it is obvious that the skilled as well as the educated professionals of the nation will look for better opportunities in various third world countries of the world.
The lower wages offered by the companies of the third world countries often discourage the skilled professional of the country to continue for long in the country (Cox and Warner 2013). According to a report, the average salary that an educated skilled profession earns in Vietnam is about $19,188 per year in comparison the $42,966 in USA and $44,352.55 in Singapore (nationsonline.org, 2017).
The political as well as the social unrest that the majority of the third world countries face also forms one of the chief reasons for the high rate of migration in the various third world countries. The political as well as the social condition of the country of Vietnam is very turbulent. The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) controls all the activities of the country and severe punishment is addressed to those who challenge the sovereignty of the party (nationsonline.org, 2017). It is often seen that the party uses all kinds of unfair means to control protesters which often includes undermining national unity, disregarding the precepts of democracy as well as the fundamental rights of the citizens and even carrying out propagandas which threaten to destroy the national unity (Cox and Warner 2013). According to a report, in the year 2016 alone 19 journalists as well as bloggers were convicted for acting against the precepts of the communist party (nationsonline.org, 2017). It is obvious that this state of affairs will be very uncongenial for the majority of the people who ideally wish to spend their lives in peace and prosperity.
The lack of higher research facilities as well as the scope for higher education often makes the students from the third world countries to migrate to the first world countries like Canada, USA, Australia, France and others which offer better research as well as scope for higher education (She and Wotherspoon 2013). According to a report, the total number of students migrating to different countries of the world from Vietnam as per a 2014 statistics is as follows,
What is Immigration?
Figure 2: Total number of students migrating from Vietnam in the year 2014
Source: (Created by the Author)
Vietnam boasts of the 47th largest economic system of the world on the basis of the nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and on the basis of the purchasing power parity (PPP) it stands at the 35th position (nationsonline.org, 2017). The nation consists of an economic system, which is highly centralized as well as planned by its government (Beine and Sekkat 2013). The nation, at the moment, is following the policy of integration with the other major economic powers as well as the business giants in order to boost its economy. The nation at the same time is one of the largest exporters of the agricultural products and it is also one of the most preferred locations for the foreign investors. However, when the economy of Vietnam, is compared with the other first world countries of the world it comes much lower on the list (Beine and Sekkat 2013). For example, a comparison between the economy of the third world country Vietnam with the first world country USA would reveal the following facts-
- An individual residing in the USA is expected to earn 88.8% more money when compared to a person with the same skills as well as education doing the same kind of job in Vietnam as the per capita income of Vietnam is $6,400 whereas the per capita income of USA is $57,300 (nationsonline.org, 2017).
- An individual residing in the USA needs to pay 11.6% less tax money compared to the same person residing in the nation of Vietnam (nationsonline.org, 2017). According to a study conducted in the year 2016, the percentage of tax paid as per the top marginal tax rate is 39.6% in Vietnam in comparison to the 35% paid by the individuals of USA (nationsonline.org, 2017).
- The unemployment rate in USA is 21.3% lower than the unemployment percentage in Vietnam (nationsonline.org, 2017). The implication of this is that more people are likely to remain unemployed in the third world country of Vietnam.
The mixed economy of Vietnam is controlled by the communist party of the nation, which controls it as per the political demands of the party. Therefore, the factor of uncertainty or unequal growth rate is one of the common features which is a part of the economic framework of the nation. This is the scenario of not only Vietnam but of many of the third world countries of the world, which suffer from the same plight. Some of the common characteristics of the economic system of the third world countries are as follows-
- General poverty
- Fewer number of industries as well as enterprises
- Overdependence on agriculture
- The underutilization of the natural resources
- Dearth of modern technology as well as capital
- Absence of basic infrastructure
Therefore, it becomes apparent that the opportunities as well as the infrastructural facilities offered by the various third world countries including Vietnam are not very congenial for the educated as well as the skilled professionals (Fukase 2013). Thus, it is found that the majority of the educated as well as the skilled professionals of Vietnam and the other third world nations of the world leave their own home land and migrate to other first world countries in search of better opportunities as well as living standards (Fitzpatrick and Jones 2012).
According to a study, Canada is the most preferred location among the students who wish to pursue their higher education abroad as well as for the people who wish to go abroad for better job opportunities and better standard of life (Tran et al. 2016). Canada is one of the highly preferred locations because of its highly lenient visa norms, excellent job opportunities provided by its various world reputed companies and also the opportunities that it provides to the students who pursue their higher education in the country. The Canadian government also provides the citizenship rights to the various individuals after they fulfill the required criteria specified by the nation. The other popular choices of the people from the third world countries are Germany, France, United Kingdom, Australia and several others. The first world countries, apart from providing better job as well as educational opportunities also provide various other benefits to the skilled migrants. Some of the benefits can be enumerated as follows-
- The first world countries provide safe political as well as social environment which is very much preferred by the individuals of the third world countries who had to face social and political unrest for much of their lives in their own nations (Fukase 2013).
- The standard of life offered by the first world countries is also much better in comparison to the ones faced by the individuals in own native countries. They get access to better living conditions, their children get to study in some of the best educational institutions of the world and the amount of money that they earn with the comparatively lesser amount of labor that they had to input forms one of the major attractions for the people from the third world countries (Long 2013).
- According to a study, people from the third world countries most often find value for their talents in the work environment of the first world countries (Nguyen, Raabe and Grote 2015). Therefore, the job satisfaction level of the skilled migrants will be much higher than those of the people who are denied jobs as per their own individual talents in the third world countries.
Reasons for Global Migration
Security is one of the primary reasons for the process of skilled migration and brain drain. The citizens in the third world countries spend much of their lives in the middle of social unrest as well as political squabbles. Therefore, it is obvious that these people will look for social, political as well as economic security. The first world countries, therefore, act as a symbol of peace and prosperity to the individuals of the third world countries. Security therefore is an important factor for the individuals of the third world countries.
The theory of endogenous growth considers the concepts of knowledge, innovation and human capital as the most significant contributors to the process of economic growth (Marchiori, Shen and Docquier 2013). Therefore, the process of brain drain becomes an important factor in this context. The large number of skilled as well as talented professionals that migrate every year to the first world countries from the third world countries actually add to the economic growth as well as development of the economy of the country to which they migrate (Kostovetsky 2017). These professionals not only add to the knowledge, innovation as well as the human capital of the country to which they migrate but they also contribute to the amount of the choices that they have in the countries to which they migrate get. According to Fukase (2013), the large number of skilled as well as educated professionals who migrate every year to the first world countries provides them with ample options from which they can pick as well as chose the desired candidates that are most eligible for the job or the employment opportunity that they are providing. According to Kostovetsky (2017), on the other hand, the money that these skilled professionals send to their own motherland for their family also helps in indirectly boosting the economy of their mother country. These professionals also act as motivations for the other people in own country to study as well as improve their professional skills which directly affects the economy of the concerned country. Therefore, it could be safely concluded, that the process of brain drain is beneficial for both the parent country as well as the country to which they are migrating (Kostovetsky 2017).
The remittances or the amount of money which is being sent by the various skilled as well as educated professionals to their families back at their homes help in boosting the economy of that nation (Marchiori, Shen and Docquier 2013). The money sent by these skilled emigrates actually help in increasing the amount of cash flow as well as increasing the amount of capital of that country. Therefore, on this score, it can be safely concluded that the process of brain drain is to some extent a symbiotic one-it helps the parent country as well as the country to which the individuals are migrating. However, the chief problem that is being faced by these skilled, educated as well as well-trained individuals is the problem of diaspora. Diaspora refers to the longing as well as the craving for one’s own motherland or country when an individual is residing or working in a foreign country. Therefore, the individuals try to cling to the customs as well as the traditions of their native country, which gives rise to the process of inter-culturalism. According to a study, the more cross-cultural a country is the more it is preferred by the various skilled migrants as it helps them in the process of adapting to the conditions as well as the environment of the foreign country in which they are trying to make a living (Long 2013). Therefore, it could be safely concluded that the process of brain drain also helps the various first world countries to become more multicultural which will act as a benefit for them in the long run.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Migration
The concept of Literature gap, can be defined as the process by means of which, the gap between the re-searches conducted on the earlier occasions and the research that an individual wants to pursue or is pursuing can be measured. This research intends to focus on the problem of brain drain from Vietnam as well as the other third world countries of the world. The focal point of this research will be to show whether the process of brain drain acts as an advantage to the parent country or it acts as a disadvantage. It is true that a lot of work has already been done on the similar kinds of topics in the past. However, the main point of departure of this research from the earlier ones will be the fact that this research will devote its complete focus on the concept of brain drain solely unlike the earlier ones which merely focused on the phenomenon of the skilled migration of the students aspiring for better higher education or the skilled as well as the trained professionals, who migrate to the first world countries in search of better job opportunities. Therefore, it can be safely concluded, that the research is very much relevant in the present world scenario.
The research methodology strives to provide the researcher with a suitable research framework, which helps the researcher in the process of carrying out the research. There are various component of the research methodology like research outline, research onion, research design, sampling methods, research paradigm, research approach, research strategy, data collection method. Accessibility and ethical issues, are the primary issues that are related to the process of research. The research outline gives a general outline of the entire process of research, which the researcher will be conducting. The research onion provides the researcher with the consecutive steps that the researcher needs to perform in the same order for the process of research to be successful. The research approach, states which method has been selected by the researcher for the process of the research-deductive or inductive. The research paradigm gives the researcher the choice of two research philosophies, Positivism and Interpretivism, from which the researcher can select the philosophy suitable to his topic of research. The data collection method, which will be used by the researcher will be primary data collection method. The researcher will also conduct some survey with the people who migrate from the third world countries like Vietnam to the first world countries in search of better opportunities. The researcher also needs to keep the ethical as well as accessibility issues into consideration during the process of research. The accessibility issues are the ones that the researcher face during the process of research while he or she is trying to conduct an interview of the various persons whose experiences as well as views are important for the process of research. The ethical issues on the other hand are the ones, which the researcher faces during the presentation of the collected data. The researcher needs to take into consideration various guidelines line the Data Protection Act (1998) and also the researcher needs to take into consideration the sentiments as well as emotions of the people with whom the survey as well as interviews are conducted.
The article selected to analyze the proposed methodology of the identified in the Literature is the article by Dr. Muhammad Turki Alshurideh published in the year 2014 (Alshurideh 2014). This particular article focuses on the process of” Customer Repeat Purchase Behaviour in the UK Mobile Phone Market”. The article also takes into consideration the factors which affect the buying behavior of the customers in the United Kingdom market. The author states that there are several factors which affect the behavior of the customers when it comes to the purchase of the mobile phones. As per the author, the quality of the services and products provided by these mobile phone companies forms one of the primary reasons for the process of the repeat purchase behavior of the customers. The brand image of the company also matters a lot in the choices which the customers make while purchasing the mobile phones. It is often that the extensive as well as branded cell phones are often considered by the customers to a style statement and therefore, they opt the brands which boasts of a positive brand image. This is one of the reason why the cell phones manufactured by the company Apple Inc. have performed so well in the recent times. The company Apple Inc. boasts of a positive brand image and therefore, the customers opt for the products provided by the company on a repeated basis. The research method used in this particular paper is qualitative analysis. The researcher in this particular has made use of the convention of interviews to gather the results necessary for the conduct of the research. It is to be noted that the researcher interviewed around 1342 individuals in order to the results which were necessary for the conduct of this particular research. The data was collected using the primary data collection as well as the secondary data collection method. It is to be noted that the data collection used by these researchers can be adapted to this particular research as both of them deal with the same topic and intend to bring to light the same results. This particular research can also use the research methodology of the article under consideration like the data collection method, research method and various other things to derive the desired results.
The process of academic review deals with the process of the detailed analysis of the research topic on the basis of the peer articles as well as journals. This section of the proposal will deal with process of brain drain from Vietnam as well as other world countries on the basis of the various peer reviewed articles as well as journals published in some of the famous journals of the world. The process of brain drain, as already defined, is the process by means of which the trained as well as professionally expert personnels migrate from their homeland to other developed countries in search of better job as well as educational opportunities. Some people also migrate to the first world countries in search of a better lifestyle. This process is often called by the name of skilled migration also. The process of brain drain is generally considered to be a loss to the parent country however recent studies have showed that the process is a kind of symbiosis wherein the parent country also stands to gain economically by virtue of the monetary aids sent by the migrants to their family members. The political as well as economic condition of the third world countries like Vietnam makes it imperative for the educated intelligentsia of those countries to migrate to the develop countries like USA, Canada, England and elsewhere in search of better economical as well as political security. The turbulent political condition of the third world countries also contributes to the process of skilled migration from these countries where it is often seen that the people are plagued all round the year by social as well as political uprising of one kind or the other. Therefore, the first world as well as the developed countries appears as a kind of safe haven to the citizens of the third world countries like Vietnam wherein they get the opportunity to fulfill all their dreams. The concept of the Great American Dream, which stated, that the country of America is a kind of dreamland, wherein the people, who are willing to work hard will get equal opportunity to get earn good amount of money as well as to realize all their dreams, also added to the myth of the first world countries as well as the developed countries as a kind of safe haven wherein all dreams can be realized. Thus, grew the aura of the concept of dreamland around the opportunities provided by the various first world countries as well the developed countries. This section of the research will deal with the concept of the brain drain, its significance, the reasons for the process of brain drain and various other factors from the perspective of the various journal as well as peer articles.
This academic review will conduct a detailed analysis of the paper “A Qualitative Analysis of Customer Repeat Purchase Behaviour in the UK Mobile Phone Market” by Dr. Muhammad Turki Alshurideh, published in the year 2014 in the “Journal of Management Research”. As already mentioned the focus of this particular paper is on the buying behavior of the customers, especially the repetitive buying pattern which is often noticed among the customers in the “United Kingdom’s Mobile Phone Market”. This paper uses the methodology of qualitative research in a bid to gather data and information which were necessary for the effective conduct of this research. It is to be noted that qualitative research is that form of research which uses the conventions of interviews to gather the required data or information which is necessary for the effective conduct of the research (Alshurideh 2014). It is to be noted that many researchers prefer this particular research over the traditional form of research, namely, the quantitative research, which takes the help of the various previously published articles, journals, books and other sources of knowledge for the collection which are essential for the effective conduct of the research. The primary advantage, which this particular method of research has over the method of quantitative research method, is that the information which is gathered by this particular method is more authentic and is in synchronization with the present scenario as well as the latest trend. Therefore, Dr. Alshurideh uses the method to gather the opinion of the people by interviewing about 1342 people from different parts of the United Kingdom (Alshurideh 2014). Therefore, he uses the method of interview to gather the opinion of the people about the reasons why they purchase the same brand cell phones repeatedly many times. It is important to note that the research method used by Dr. Alshurideh can also be used for the conduct of this particular research “Brain Drian and Brain Gain”. Therefore, the academic review of this particular paper will analyze the research methodology used by Dr. Alshurideh in order to understand the research methodology of the qualitative research.
The Literature Review section of this particular paper provides a detailed analysis of the behavior of the customers, the factors which affect the buying tendency of the customers, the researcher also provides a psychological perspective of the factors which affect the behavior of the customers, the factors which affect the repetitive buying tendency of the customers, the benefits offered by the United Kingdom’s Mobile Phone companies and various others (Alshurideh 2014). It is to be noted that the paper uses the method of qualitative research for the collection of the data necessary for the effective conduct of the research. The structure of the Literature Review which this particular paper of Dr. Alshurideh uses is very similar to the one which is going to be followed in this particular research work of mine.
The concept of research design can be defined as the overall strategy which guides the entire process of research work conducted by the researcher. It is to be noted that this particular research conducted by Dr. Alshurideh uses the concept of qualitative research and therefore the entire design of the research was designed as per the framework of the quantitative research (Alshurideh 2014). Thus, the research design of this particular research took into consideration the various aspects of the framework. This particular research used the concept of exploratory research. The research was intended to explore the behavior the customers and their repetitive buying pattern and thus the exploratory design was more suitable for the purpose.
Sampling can be defined as the process which is used for “selecting a representative group from the population under study” (Alshurideh 2014). It is to be noted that the target population is the entire population from which the segment of the population which is representative of the entire group is chosen. It is to be noted that there are various kinds of sampling methods like the simple random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling and various others. It is to be noted that this particular research conducted by Dr. Alshurideh uses the framework of random sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of getting selected for the process of the collection of the data and information (Alshurideh 2014). The sample frame, for this particular research work conducted by Dr. Alshurideh was the people, who used to repeatedly buy the same brand mobile phones in the United Kingdom. The sample size for this particular research was around 1342 people who were the regular buyers of the cell phones sold by the United Kingdom’s cell phone companies and who were therefore selected for the purpose of carrying out the interviews (Alshurideh 2014). It is to be noted that the researcher also used the concept of non-probability for the conduct of this particular research. It is to be noted that in a non-probability sampling method, the subjects are selected on the basis of the judgement of the researcher and not as per any scientific method. The results thus derived then can be applied to the entire population and the percentage can then be calculated from that.
Data collection method can be defined as the method which is used for the collection of the data that is required for the conduct of the research (Alshurideh 2014). There are various methods for the collection of data, for example, the information needed for the conduct of the research can be derived from the various textbooks, journals, previous research works, surveys, questionnaires as in the case of quantitative research and from interviews and other methods as in the case of qualitative research. This particular research paper of Dr. Alshurideh uses the framework of interviews for the gathering of the required information which are essential for the proper conduct of the research (Alshurideh 2014).
There are several factors which a researcher needs to take into consideration for the effective conduct of the research. The primary factors which a researcher needs to take into consideration are the reliability as well as the validity of the results derived by the researcher and the various ethical and the accessibility options also needs to be taken into consideration by the researcher (Alshurideh 2014). It is very important for the researcher to check the validity as well as the reliability of the information gathered by the researcher. In order to overcome this problem it is suggested that the researcher should interview a substantial number of people. It is in accordance with this particular precept that the research paper of Dr. Alshurideh conducts the interview with 1342 people (Alshurideh 2014). The researcher also needs to consider the accessibility issues into consideration. For example, it might happen that the people who are being approached by the researcher for the purpose of the collection of data by means of interview might not have the required amount of time as well as enthusiasm to undergo the process of interview. Then there are times when the individual whom the researcher is trying to interview might not be accessible (Alshurideh 2014). There are several ethical factors as well which a researcher needs to take into consideration for the effective conduct of the research like following the precepts of the “Data Protection Act (1998)”, the use of the information collected by interview should only be used for the purpose of the research and for no other purpose, the names as well as the personal details of the people who have participated in the interview should not be revealed in the research or for that matter anywhere (Alshurideh 2014). It is to be noted that these particular parameters were followed by Dr. Alshurideh as well as the completion of this research.
I would like to mention here that the methodology of my research work will also be based on a similar model of qualitative research. The research work conducted by me will follow all the precepts of qualitative research. I would like to mention here that the concept of brain drain and brain gain from the third world countries of the world like Vietnam is a very recent one and thus I will not be getting much relevant data or information from the previous research works conducted by the scholars or in textbooks. I think, therefore, the best way to gather information for the conduct of my research work will be directly interview the people who are a part of this particular process of brain drain and brain gain. This will provide me with a first-hand idea about the various factors which influence the process of brain drain and gain, the reasons for it, the motivations for it, the benefits as well as disadvantages and others. Therefore, with this particular point in view I think that the process of qualitative research will be the method for the conduct of this particular research of mine about the process of brain drain and brain drain from the third world countries of the world like Vietnam.
Conclusion
Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear that the process of brain drain is an important process faced by most of the third world countries of the world. It is seen, that the skilled as well as the talented professional experts from the third world countries of the world migrate to the first world countries of the world in a bid to get better job as well as educational opportunities provided by them. Many people even migrate to the first world countries to escape from the political as well as social turmoil of their native country and take advantage of the better standards of life provided by them. Many experts consider the process of brain drain to be harmful for the parent country as they end up losing talented as well as skilled professional experts who could have helped in the growth as well as development of the nation. On the other hand, there are people who consider the process of brain drain to the parent country as well as the country to which they migrate. The migrants help in the growth as well as development of the country by their direct contribution. However, they also help in the growth as well as the development of their parent country by the remittances that they send to their parent country. Therefore, it could be safely concluded, that the process of brain drain is a symbiotic process
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