Breast Cancer Symptoms
Breast cancer has been found to be one of the most common types of cancer in the world. In other words, it can be said that most women have been found to be diagnosed with breast cancer and they are over 50 years of age. One in 8 women have been found to be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. The disease has been found to have several symptoms and the primary noticeable symptom was usually a specific lump in breast. Pathology reports are the best for reporting of breast cancer. This report provides a diagnostic details of breast cancer. The main symptoms reported for breast cancer are lump in the underarm, spontaneous discharge from the nipples, an overall change in structure and size of breast, and finally flattening over the skin of breast.
Active surveillance for breast cancer have been found to undergo a specific screening process every year on an annual basis. Active surveillance for breast cancer comprises of a treatment plan that involves observing the patient’s condition and providing treatment only when there are differences in the test results, showing the cancer progress is worsening. Active surveillance is only applicable when the cancer impact is small, tumour size is small and is expected to grow slowly. Breast cancer (the health topic) is monitored on the basis of active surveillance only. As per the information obtained from the previous research studies, it can be stated that breast cancer is monitored by active surveillance in the women community of UK.
UK is a region, where women are affected by breast cancer with a higher prevalence rate than other countries. To put it another way, breast cancer has been diagnosed in the majority of women over the age of 50. One out of every eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer at some time in their life. According to statistics, roughly 55900 new instances of breast cancer are diagnosed in the United Kingdom each year. However, the number of cases has been growing at a rate of 150 each day. Breast cancer has been identified as the most frequent cancer in the United Kingdom, and it must be treated well in order to lower incidence rates. In other words, breast cancer has been determined to have grown to a significant amount for a long time. According to current data reports, 11,500 breast cancer fatalities are reported each year in the United Kingdom. However, between 2016 and 2018, it was discovered that 32 people died per day. According to a clinical trial in Europe, a research on whether active surveillance is better than standard treatment for the management of breast cancer is beneficial or not, is still under research. The research work has been initiated in 2015 and the conduction of research was completed in 2019. The follow-up will be taken in 2025 – 10 years period, to check whether active surveillance is better than standard treatment or not, in the management of breast cancer or not. Active surveillance of women includes a yearly screening of women, for breast cancer. This is because of the fact that since no treatment is provided at an initial stage, screening is done in order to check for changes in test results to know if there a difference between the previous condition and current condition. Sentinel surveillance is the monitoring of breast cancer has been found to be common in UK. The same has been found to be associated with the change in population health levels. Syndromic surveillance has been found to be used for the early detection of outbreaks in order to follow the size, tempo and spread of the disease trends. Thus, the selected surveillance system for breast cancer is active surveillance, since annual screenings are significant for the active surveillance of breast cancer.
Active Surveillance for Breast Cancer
The surveillance task is handed over to the state as well as local departments and they will be needed for updating as well as modifying the knowledge. The tasks of surveillance system are divided into enhanced and basic surveillance sub-activities associated with the healthcare providers.
Screening process is significant in the identification of changes in symptoms or presence of symptoms associated with the disease. Breast cancer has some interlinked signs and symptoms. The most significant goal of screening test is to find out the number of women affected by breast cancer in a nation.
Breast cancer has been found to be a disease, in which malignant cancer cells are detected form breasts. Breast cancer has been found to be the second leading causes of deaths due to cancer. Breast cancer examination as well as thermography and tissue sampling have been identified as the three different screening processes. Breast cancer has also been found to be a disease, for which the screening tests are already in research process.
The diagnosis is based on both clinical presentation as well as lab diagnosis. The symptoms-based diagnosis can be stated to be based on clinical presentation of the disease. Blood test as well as mammogram of the other breast can show signs of cancer. MRI or magnetic resonance imaging of breast can be stated to be associated with the diagnosis of breast cancer. CT scanning has been identified to be another process responsible for breast cancer diagnosis in laboratory. On the other hand, PET or positron emission tomography can be stated to be another process by which breast cancer diagnosis can be done. The trade name of the tests includes PAM50, Endo-Predict, Breast Cancer Index and UPA/PAI based diagnosis. These are the overall evidences for the fact that this cancer is diagnosed by all the above stated techniques.
There are around 55900 new cases of breast cancer per year and 150 breast cancer cases have been observed since 2016-2018. In females, the new breast cancer cases are 55500 and 400 male cases of new breast cancer has been found to haver been observed every year in 2016 – 2018. During the early 1990s, the rates of breast cancer incidences have been found to be increased by 18% in the UK (8). The rates in females have been found to have been increased by quarter. The incidence rates of breast cancer have been found to be projected to the rise by 2% in the UK from 2014 to 2035 to 210 cases per 1 lakh females by 2035.
Thus, it can be said that there are peaks of breast cancer during the year in very rare cases. The incidence has been found to increase in a stable manner. For this rise, active surveillance system can be stated to be the best possible system for reinforcing the actions against breast cancer. The basic activities of surveillance have been found to be found to be separated among all the sectors which are responsible for recording as well as reporting of breast cancer in UK. The enhanced surveillance systems have been found to be specifically linked to public health systems as well as health information systems, which increases the capacity of laboratory in diagnosing as well as testing the significant number of cases.
Breast Cancer in the United Kingdom
Conclusion
On a concluding note, it can b be stated that the report has shown that breast cancer surveillance system is active as well as strong across the world. In other words, it can be said that the surveillance system of breast cancer has been strong since a long time. However, it has been observed that the incidence rate of breast cancer has not decreased. The risk factors have still not been controlled well, however, there are evidences for the fact that the cause of this disease is based on abnormal regulations of the cell cycle. In other words, it can be stated that the report has provided evidences in the enhanced surveillance system as well as the stabilized increase in incidence about the disease. The increased incidences of the disease need to be reduced.
In the United Kingdom, breast cancer accounts for 15% of all cancer cases every year making it the most prevalent type. In females, breast cancer is very common with 55500 novel cases every year, according to 2016-2018. Among males, breast cancer is not that common. However, an addition of 370 breast cancer cases is observed in males, per year. It is also the fourth most significant cause of deaths due to cancer in the UK. According to a report on breast cancer published in the UK, there were 4700 people in Scotland, 2800 people in Wales and 1500 people in Ireland who were found to be diagnosed with breast cancer. In addition, 7000 people were found to have been diagnosed with DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma in-situ), which is non-invasive but considered as the earliest stage of breast cancer. Rest of the number of patients are present all across the UK. Breast cancer is a serious disease that affects a significant population in the UK. Thus, it needs to be tracked well with respect to the risk factors and screenings at regular intervals. The lethality of cancer decides the probability of the patient’s survival. However, there are other factors which are linked to the survivability of a patient. Early detection, early access to treatment, biological characteristics of a patient are the main factors that are connected to survival probability. A number of data supports and proves the presence of various biomarkers that are associated with the disease. The multiple biomarkers that are used for the diagnosis of breast cancer or are detected to diagnose breast cancer are ER (oestrogen receptor), PR (progesterone receptor) and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2).
Fig 2: Graphical representation of Breast Cancer survival rate percentages by the time of diagnosis. The figure has shown that, earlier was the diagnosis of the disease, higher was the survival percentage or rate of the breast cancer patients. As observed from the figure, it can be said that the survival rate of patients was near to 100, when breast cancer was diagnosed in the first year (early diagnosis). The survival rate of patients was least (below 80), when the disease was diagnosed near to 10 years, after the first signs and symptoms.
Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Source: Created by the Author
Fig 3: The above graph shows the incidence of breast cancer with respect to the age of patients. Middle aged women were found to be affected the most followed by a rapid decline in rate for women who are over the age of 70. Thus, it can be said that breast cancer increases in its incidence up to 69 years and then it begins to decline.
Source: STATISTA, 2022
From the above data it can be concluded that the number of registrations for breast cancer has been significantly high in England in terms of gender and age. With 6790 cases in the year 2019, breast cancer recorded the highest number of cancer cases in UK. Among which maximum registrations were found to be for women who were in the age group of 59 to 65 years.
Fig 4: The graph shows an increase in incidence rate of breast cancer per 100000 people in every two years interval starting from 2010 to 2022.
Source: STATISTA, 2022
The above graphical representation has shown that breast cancer has been increasing since 2010. The increasing trend can be directly observed from the slope of the curve. According to the curve, 2022 has recorded the highest rate of breast cancer incidence.
Thus, it is clear that breast cancer has a significant prevalence all over the globe. Evidences have suggested that most women who are above the age of 50, are affected by breast cancer. The manifestation of this disease can occurs in a number of ways. The most common one is the formation of a painless lump in the breast whose presence might not be detected by the sufferer. However, women on active monitoring for breast cancer undergo a special screening called mammograms, an X-ray for breasts that help to detect breast cancer. Thus, it can be concluded that breast cancer has a low to moderate mortality rate. This is because this disease has a high rate of screening as well as its diagnosis.
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Breast Cancer Screening
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