Objectives of the Service
Cervical cancer screening helps in identifying and detecting any abnormal cells within the cervix that may develop the risks of cancer. The screening helps in detecting changes within cells and hence, screening helps in effective cancer management (Bedell et al. 2020). The service comes under the secondary preventive care to the patients as screening helps in early detection of potential risks and considers as an effective approach to the population. the secondary prevention focuses on identifying and detecting the disease that results in effective health outcome. The paper will discuss the description of service and develop the need assessment of the service among the targeted service users.
The aim of the service is to reduce the prevalence of cancer among women in England and reduce the overall mortality rate.
Following are the objectives of the service:
- To detect the potential abnormal cells in the cervical.
- To lower the chances of diagnosed with cervical cancer.
- To develop the awareness among the people and enhance the quality of life among the women of England.
The service us available and targeted to women within the age group of 25 to 64 years and it has also been targeted to people with cervix. It is important to understand that certain risk factors such as HPV infection, family history, and other like behavioural aspects like smoking are contributing towards the vulnerable population (Sawaya, Smith-McCune and Kuppermann 2019). The awareness towards the health has increased due to improvement in health literacy and delivery of quality services.
It has been understood that cervical screening is contributing towards the increase in the rate of mortality. The service delivery of screening test will develop the identification of potential associated risks among the people. Cervical cancer can be prevented with early detection of the abnormal cells and therefore, the service delivery will include the screening such as Pap tests and HPV tests that will help in identifying the potential risks. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is also considered as other procedures within the service delivery (Rerucha, Caro and Wheeler 2018). The service will be delivered in the GP setting as well as hospital in England.
HPV test: It will be done on the collected cells from the cervix and it can be done by itself. Also, it can also test with the combination with HPV test. It can also process with self-sampling methods.
Pap test: It is also known as pap smear and considers as most common test for any potential early changes. Also, it can be combined with HPV test.
VIA: It is considered as effective approach specifically, where there is limited accessibility of healthcare services.
Cervical cancer screening programme is considered as the most effective strategy in controlling and managing the continual prevalence of cancer. The major barrier of poor healthcare delivery and increasing rates of mortality and morbidity includes low literacy, poor infrastructure, lack of healthcare professionals, and other element like limited resources (Nakisige, Schwartz and Ndira 2017). Therefore, identifying and detecting the risks of cancer will helps in mitigating or reducing the overall rates of cervical cancers. According to WHO (2022), it has been found that 99% of the cervical cancer is associated with the infection. Therefore, early screening for HPV test will help in improving the management of cancer. Cervical cancer has also been identified as the fourth most common cancer among the women in 2018 (WHO 2022). It has also been found that the screening helps in developing the treatment plan for the patients and hence, can be considered as the effective approach within the promotional strategy in the community. Women living with and diagnosed with HIV are vulnerable to be associated with cervical cancer. It was found that patients with HIV are 6 times more vulnerable comparing to people without HIV. Thus, there is need of secondary prevention, which is screening and other associated initial level treatment in addressing the patients. The procedure of the discussed service delivery will be done within one or two clinical visits that will develop the cost-effective approaches. According to Zimmermann et al. (2017), the clinical cost may vary from ranges of tests. The VIA test cost around $196, Pap test will cost $219 and HPV test will cost around $223 and these costs are considered from the societal perspectives. However, the clinical costs may range with VIA test as $94, Pap test to be $124 and HPV test to be $113 respectively. Hence, the clinical costing represents that cervical cancer screening is a cost-effective approach. Identifying the risk at initial level will help in reducing the potential healthcare finances. Cervical cancer and it has been found that it comes under 342,000 deaths due to being associated with and living with cervical cancers (Sachan et al. 2018).
Section 2: Assessing the Health Needs of the Target Service Users
Service Delivery Methods
Health need Assessment (HNA) is considered an effective approach that helps in reviewing the existing issues that would help in leading the overall agreed appointments. Understanding the needs of the patients and other potential concerns develop the understanding towards the HNA (Mambwere, Kerr and Hardavella 2018). Since, there is continual increasing prevalence of cervical cancer and therefore, there is higher demand to the prevention and intervention that has helped in developing better quality life along with cost-effectiveness in the process. The screening process will also help in improving the key knowledge and awareness among the people in effective management and delivery of care services to the people associated with the health issues (Rahaman et al. 2020). Hence, the need of screening has been developed and the healthcare professionals including the nursing staffs should work towards delivering the associated care services.
Indicators helps in examining and developing effective implementation of the service. It will also help in developing positive impact within the market. In the current cervical cancer treatment, the indicators are enrolling with the screening, awareness among the people, the admission rates, prevalence of diagnosed patients with cervical cancer. Additional indicators may include the health outcome of women in England, prevalence of cancer, associated HPV, and followed by various health issues.
The source of data is electronic databases that includes various ranges of scholar’s paper, peer-revied articles and other journal articles that will help in improving the adequate significance. Some of the electronic databases are Google scholars, PubMed, Embase and others like MEDLINE. The papers are collected that are 05 years old to improve the reliability and functionality of the plan. The sources of data may also include the governmental websites and other important press journals associated with the normal paper. It has been found that the knowledge towards the needs of the cancer screening test has also helped in identifying the potential business parameter in enhancing the overall outcome.
The scope of epidemiologic include the overall approach of how many benefits are associated with the delivery and usage of cervical screening tests. It has been found that women ageing between 35 and 44 years are the most vulnerable towards developing the cervical cancer. In the past 30 years, the prevalence of cervical cancer has developed from 10 % to 40% for women, who are affected by the cervical cancer (Zhang et al. 2020). The major benefits or comparative among other approaches with the screening is that the identified abnormal cells can be removed performing forming and developing into HIV. In the screening followed with the tests like Pap and HPV would focus on understanding and developing the potential changes (Koliopoulos et al. 2017). The immediate treatment plan is needed post-delivery of screening services to its service users.
The service evaluation will focus on understanding the intended aims and also assessment to the overall service in accomplishing the mentioned intended aims. The outcome evaluation process will be affected for the current discussed services. With the help of certain parameters, the data will be collected and hence, the outcome service evaluation will be effective in improving the key outcome. The process will measure the potential results and outcomes, then it will focus on determining whether the intended and collected outcomes are accomplished with intended or developed aims and objectives of the research (Kleinpell 2021).
Importance of Cervical Cancer Screening
The major gap in delivering the service will include the lack of resources. In many cases, the service develops the risks associated with the clinical aspects. It has been found that removal of abnormal cells many cause the poor infections, non-stop bleeding and may affect the adverse events of affecting future pregnancies. Therefore, such threats to the life and significant adverse events may develop the gap within the delivery of services.
If the service is removed, then it will be difficult to identify the potential risks among the target service users. There will be increasing rates of mortality and morbidity along with poor development of treatment care on regular basis.
From the above discussion, the paper can draw the conclusion that cervical screening service is consider as the most effective and appropriate approach that will help in improvising the overall key outcome. There are higher needs of service among the target users specifically women in England. Thus, the implementation and delivery of services has multiple benefits that will enhance the overall outcome in improving the overall outcome. Cervical cancer is major issue and it has been discussed that the screening of cervical cancer service will help in developing the preventive approaches and healthcare professionals will be able to design the treatment plan for effective delivery of care services.
References
Bedell, S.L., Goldstein, L.S., Goldstein, A.R. and Goldstein, A.T., 2020. Cervical cancer screening: past, present, and future. Sexual medicine reviews, 8(1), pp.28-37.
Kleinpell, R.M. ed., 2021. Outcome assessment in advanced practice nursing. Springer Publishing Company.
Koliopoulos, G., Nyaga, V.N., Santesso, N., Bryant, A., Martin?Hirsch, P.P., Mustafa, R.A., Schünemann, H., Paraskevaidis, E. and Arbyn, M., 2017. Cytology versus HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in the general population. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8).
Mambwere, M., Kerr, S. and Hardavella, G., 2018. Holistic needs assessment (HNA) in lung cancer patients; bridging health and social care.
Nakisige, C., Schwartz, M. and Ndira, A.O., 2017. Cervical cancer screening and treatment in Uganda. Gynecologic oncology reports, 20, pp.37-40.
Rahaman, H.A., Chinnikatti, S.K., Al Miraj, A.K., Rahman, M.M. and Khan, M.S.U., 2020. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences.
Rerucha, C.M., Caro, R. and Wheeler, V., 2018. Cervical cancer screening. American family physician, 97(7), pp.441-448.
Sachan, P.L., Singh, M., Patel, M.L. and Sachan, R., 2018. A study on cervical cancer screening using pap smear test and clinical correlation. Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing, 5(3), pp.337-341.
Sawaya, G.F., Smith-McCune, K. and Kuppermann, M., 2019. Cervical cancer screening: more choices in 2019. Jama, 321(20), pp.2018-2019.
WHO, 2022. Cervical cancer. [online] Who.int. Available at: <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer> [Accessed 5 March 2022].
WHO, 2022. WHO guidelines for screening and treatment of precancerous lesions for cervical cancer prevention. [ebook] WHO, pp.1-60. Available at: <https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/94830/9789241548694_eng.pdf;jsessionid=2B1432EF37664B4D92A226AE304F0ECA?sequence=1> [Accessed 5 March 2022].
Zhang, S., Xu, H., Zhang, L. and Qiao, Y., 2020. Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening. Chinese Journal of Cancer Research, 32(6), p.720.
Zimmermann, M.R., Vodicka, E., Babigumira, J.B., Okech, T., Mugo, N., Sakr, S., Garrison, L.P. and Chung, M.H., 2017. Cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening and preventative cryotherapy at an HIV treatment clinic in Kenya. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 15(1), pp.1-10.
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