Assessment activity 1 – Knowledge questions
Assessment activity 1 – Knowledge questions
- Define health including the physiological and psychosocial aspects. Describe the health illness continuum.
According to world health organisation (WHO) health is briefly described as a state of being sound physically, mentally and social well-being and not just a state of being absent of a disease.
Health illness continuum is a graphic representation of a well-being, it defines well-being not only as an absence of illness but also integrates a person’s emotional wellness and mental health (Lewis & Emily, 2014).
- Complete the following table by describing the stages of growth and development for each individual.
|
|
Physical Growth |
Psychosocial |
Cognitive |
Motor |
|
Jake |
Improvement on eye and hand coordination, can sit, stand and crawl (Robert & John, 2012). |
Anxious on site of strangers, gets anxious after detachment from the mother (Robert & John, 2012). |
Shows knowledge on properties of objects that they had no experience with (Robert & John, 2012). |
Reflexive action occur, examples include sucking and rooting (Robert & John, 2012). |
|
Amelia |
Strikes the ball with the foot, walks up and down stairs (Robert & John, 2012). |
Plays around with other kids, imitates what he sees (Robert & John, 2012). |
Categorises shapes and colours, complies with a two-step instruction (Robert & John, 2012). |
Learns how to sit and stand unassisted, acquires stability on the head, neck and trunk (Robert & John, 2012). |
|
Ella |
Physically very active, uses his hands to catch the ball (Robert & John, 2012). |
Desires to please adults, prefers to play with other kids rather than playing alone (Robert & John, 2012). |
Starts writing letters and naming colours and numbers (Robert & John, 2012). |
Improved motor skills such as the scissors to cut, modified eye hand coordination (Robert & John, 2012). |
|
Matilda |
There is a slow and steady growth of 3-4 inches per year (Robert & John, 2012). |
Knows what is wrong or right, beliefs rules can be bent or broken (Robert & John, 2012). |
Can perfectly recognise and differentiate between behaviour and intent (Robert & John, 2012). |
Employs physical activities such as exercise to develop and perfect the motor skills (Robert & John, 2012). |
|
Barry |
Skin begins losing its elasticity and wrinkles start appearing, visual acuity decreases (Robert & John, 2012). |
They tend to introduce themselves by the jobs they do, they identify themselves with the names of the children (Robert & John, 2012). |
Information and intelligence we acquired through out remains steady and it may also improve (Robert & John, 2012). |
There is a decrease in strength, sensation and coordination (Robert & John, 2012). |
|
William |
Uses clutches when walking, needs assistance to perform daily activities, muscles become weak and bones fragile. |
At this stage he has retired from his job, spends most of his time alone (Robert & John, 2012). |
There is a decline in the cognitive abilities such as memory and reasoning (Robert & John, 2012). |
Starts loosing skin sensation, taste, trouble with breathing (Robert & John, 2012). |
Discuss the importance of play in a child’s development.
Play is vital for children’s development because it allows for time and space for kids to explore and acquire skills without the educative counselling from parents. They also acquire communication skills, ways of interacting with others and problem solving skills with cognitive process of acquiring skills. If a kid is playing with others shares his game toys, he or she gets to discover the art of cooperation through sharing. Allowing ample time enables kids to develop physically, mentally and emotionally. Play helps resolve conflict, this where the parent intervenes and hears both sides of the story and decides who is wrong or right. Play also enhances language skills, as kid’s play they communicate with each other, it is in this process that he or she learns new words from other kids (Ginsburg & Kenneth, 2015)
- Ella requires hospitalisation for fractured femur. Discuss the impact of hospitalisation on her and the family.
- Impact of hospitalisation on Ella
- Separation anxiety- detachment of Ella from the family during admission may lead to emotional upset. Kids don’t understand what is happening when they are sick and they also don’t comprehend the meaning time and space so all this can be devastating to them.
- Protest- strange faces of care givers may cause resistance. This may be shown by frequent crying, refusing nurse’s attention, shaking crib and lastly a pressing desire to find the mother showing signs of distrust with anger and tears.
- Loss of control- the kid may show restraint during movement, feeding or sleeping this maybe as result of pain due to the fractured femur. Also due to the intensity and duration of pain the kid may undergo stress (Yantzi & Rosenberg, 2014).
- Impact of hospitalisation on the family
- Parental anxiety- causes of parental anxiety may include fear of prognosis, fear of strange environment in the hospital, fear that the child will suffer, and lastly fear of financial expenditure.
- Psychological distress- psychological impacts of parents maybe as a result of detachment from the child, other people taking care of the child and lastly feeling of inadequacy.
- Emotional distress- emotional impact of parents maybe as a result of the feeling that the accident is due to someone’s error or the absence of maternal love (Yantzi & Rosenberg, 2014).
- Michelle and Paul were infertile and adopted Steven. Describe the impact of infertility on a couple.
Couples who do not have a kid after a fertility therapy they are three times more likely to get a divorce. Most couples undergo an emotional sensation due to infertility, and they do not want anybody to find out that they cannot conceive naturally. Couples may experience anger of not being able to have children towards other pregnant women. They may also have guilt, relating their infertility as a punishment. Some women become irritated around kids and start to separate themselves from families with kids.
The infertile partner may experience fear or danger of being left by the other partner who is fertile while the fertile partner may experience anger towards their other partner. Due to the grief and depression most couples run into treatment using all the available resources they have so as to get treatment, their efforts ending up in vain (Ensieh, & Moon, 2012).
- Sammy resides in supported accommodation. Summarise the 4 Core Standards for Practitioners who support people with a disability.
The core standards were developed with a goal of sharing the current evidence-based research (Schalock &Verdugo, 2013).The four common core standards include:
- Professional supervision
- The working alliance
- Philosophies, values and beliefs
- Service delivery approaches
- Complete the table by outlining theories of development for each person’s individual stages of growth.
|
|
Erickson |
Freud |
Piaget |
|
Jake |
Hope: Trust vs Mistrust (Frances, 2013). |
Oral stage (Frances, 2013). |
Sensorimotor stage (Frances, 2013). |
|
Amelia |
Will: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt |
Anal stage (Frances, 2013). |
Preoperational stage (Frances, 2013). |
|
Matilda |
Purpose: Initiative vs Guilt (Frances, 2013). |
Latency stage (Frances, 2013). |
Concrete operational stage (Frances, 2013). |
|
Steven |
Love: Intimacy vs Isolation (Frances, 2013). |
Genital stage (Frances, 2013). |
Formal operational (Frances, 2013). |
|
Barry |
Care: Generativity vs stagnation (Frances, 2013). |
Genital stage (Frances, 2013). |
Formal operational stage (Frances, 2013). |
|
William |
Wisdom: Ego integrity vs Despair (Frances, 2013). |
Genital stage (Frances, 2013). |
Formal operational stage (Frances, 2013). |
Discuss the influences of genetics and environment on development. (nature vs nurture debate)
|
Genetics ( Nature)
|
Environment (Nurture) |
|
Nature refers to the genes or hereditary factors. Our physical appearance and personality characteristics are determined by our genes disregarding where you were born. About 80% of individual’s height is characterised by DNA sequence variants they have acquired from the parents. Majority of this variants are in genes that affect the growth plates, this are areas where new bones are produced increasing their length as children grow (Lango & Estrada, 2012). |
Nurture refers to our childhood experiences, social relationships, how we were raised and surrounding culture depends on the environment. Example besides genetic conditions, environmental factors can alter growth on individuals. In the presence of unfavourable environmental conditions, growth of kids can decline. This can be brought about by nutrition deficiency especially lack of protein, and diseases such as osteoporosis can affect growth (Lango & Estrada, 2012). |
Complete the following table identifying health care needs for the specific individuals relating to age and gender.
|
|
Health Care Needs |
|
William |
Eating well when you get to age 80 is recommended. Proper nutrition can help prevent an enfeebling bone structure as well chronic diseases. Example 1.5 grams of protein intake per day is needed for repair and replacement of damaged tissues, foods which contain omega-3 fatty acids reduce the risk for heart diseases. Other health care needs include Increasing physical health through exercise, sleep and lastly medical check-up example prostate cancer screening (Rowe, 2012). |
|
Helen |
Women in their sixties should be concerned with heart diseases since it’s the leading cause of death. Blood pressure and cholesterol level should be checked regularly. A diet low in sodium and saturated fat should be recommended. At 63 the bone density decreases which may lead to a condition known as osteoporosis. Calcium, vitamins and exercise is recommended to strengthen the bones (Rowe, 2012). |
|
Amelia |
Recommendation of a two year old should be three meals a day which consist of the basic four groups each day example meat, fish, poultry, eggs and vitamins supplements. Medical check-ups can be conducted such as weight and child’s length. Immunisation for tetanus, pertussis and diphtheria is recommended (Shelton, 2016). |
Identify the principles of a health assessment.
Principles of health assessment include;
- Initial observation of the client
- Vital sign examination
- Client monitoring
- Professional conclusion
- Multi-disciplinary team work (Douglas & Conway, 2014)
- a) When conducting a health assessment on Barry, what are some problems you may encounter? What are some potential solutions for the problems?
Physical Growth
On Barry’s assessment the following problems were encountered, high blood pressure, conductive hearing loss and age related muscular degeneration. High blood pressure can be prevented by eating a diet consisting of more potassium and less sodium, reduction of excess stress, eating of garlic and taking diuretics or calcium channel blockers. Conductive hearing loss can be treated by surgery, amplification through the use of a bone conduction hearing aid and lastly antibiotic used to treat chronic ear infection. Age related muscular degeneration can be treated by, injection of anti-angiogenic drugs into the eye so as to stop the formation of new blood vessels that will result to wet macular degeneration, treatment with high energy laser light which completes destroys abnormal blood vessels and lastly photodynamic laser therapy (Adams & Simpson, 2012).
- What is the aim of the NSW Family and Community Services Person Centred Health Care Assessments and the Development of Health Care Plans Core Standard for Practitioners?
- Improves clinical services by teaching health care workers through providing technical advices, creates awareness about family planning through providing education and training, funds research, monitoring and evaluation by making better the data collected (Robertson &Emerson, 2013).
- What is the aim of the NSW Family and Community Services Mealtime Management for Nurses Practice Package?
The aim of NSW family include, ensuring that kids have necessary skills for life and education at school entry. Ensures that all infants are born healthy, all children are healthy and physically well, ensure that children acquire emotional and social skills that is suitable for their age, checks whether kids can read and write, ensures pregnant mothers are in good health and lastly makes sure that guardians are confident, linked to the community and the service it provides and prepared to help in child’s development. Community mealtime management for nurses practise package assists in health care assessment and development of health care plan, ensure communication and behavioural support, works with individuals with chronic conditions through healthcare support, education and research (Robertson &Emerson, 2013).
References
Adams, M., & Simpson, J. (2012). Abdominal obesity and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Epidemiol, 173(11), 1246-1255.
Atherton, H. (2013). Care planning for good health in intellectual disability nursing. Blackwell publishing, 23, 257-276.
Douglas, M., & Conway, L. (2014). Developing principles for health impact assessment. Journal of public health, 21, 60-64.
Ensieh, S., & Moon, M. (2012). A survey on the attitude of infertile couples towards infertility and marital maladaptation. Mazandran University of medical science, 16, 137-131.
Frances, D. (2013). Theories of developmental psychology. Psyccritiques, 34(12), 1148.
Ginsburg, J., & Kenneth, R. (2015). The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent child hood. Pediatrics, 5, 56.
Lango, A., & Estrada, K. (2012). Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height. Nature, 3, 42-46.
Lewis, M., & Emily, J. (2014). Understanding the health continuum. A guide for nurses, 3(1), 6-8.
Robert, K., & John, C. (2012). Human development. A life span view, 3, 16.
Robertson, J., & Emerson, E. (2013). Lifestyle related risk factors for poor health in residential setting for people with intellectual disabilities. Research in development disabilities, 21(6), 469-486.
Rowe, J. (2012). Health care of the elderly. New England journal of medicine, 312(13), 827-835.
Schalock, R., & Verdugo, L. (2013). Handbook on quality of life for human services practitioners. American association on mental retardation, 6(2), 9-12.
Shelton, L. (2016). Family-centered care for children with special health care needs. Association for the care of children’s health, 6(1), 38-40.
Yantzi, N., & Rosenberg, R. (2014). The impact of distance to hospitals on families with a child with chronic condition. Social science and medicine, 52(12), 1777-1791.
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