Collaboration To Improve Care And Outcomes: Understanding Ischemic Heart Disease And Hypertension

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)

Discuss About The Collaboration To Improve Care And Outcomes.

Ischemic heart diseases and hypertension are common infections that are common among the elderly. However, children also are at high risks of acquiring the infections.  Trevor is 61 years old who has a combination of Ischemic heart disease, Diabetes type two and hypertension. On the other hand, the mother of Katrina has hypertension. Thus, Katrina has high chances of being hypertensive due to family background. This paper examines both Trevor’s and Katrina’s case studies.

The disease derives its name from the scientific term, ischemia meaning a reduction in the supply of blood by the vascular muscles (Beebe, Ievers-Landis, & Meltzer, 2015). Therefore, ischemia occurs as a result of a reduction in the flow of blood to a specific body part. Ischemic heart disease is the standard definition of all coronary illness that results from restriction in the flow of blood (Berman et al., 2018). The deposition of cholesterol molecules within the arteries block the flow of blood to the cardiac muscles hence leading to ischemic heart disease.

IHD results from damage or infection of the central vessels that take blood to the heart muscles (Brown, Edwards, Seaton, & Buckley, 2017). Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the tissues. Therefore, the disruption of the free movement of blood starves the muscles. The deposition of cholesterol in the blood vessels blocks the action of blood. The reduction in the flow of blood results in severe thoracic pains (Bryant, & Knights, 2014). The affected individual finds it hard to breathe correctly. In cases where the flow of blood is entirely restricted, there are high chances of hypertension. The deposition of cholesterol is a gradual process that goes unnoticed until the setting in of the chronic phase. Proper diet can help reduce chances of contracting IHD.

Is the final stage of the disease if it is ignored at early stages of development. An individual feels a consistent pressure in the chest (Bullock, & Hales, 2012). Additionally, the victim feels pain in their arms. Moreover, the breath becomes short and the individual sweats profusely. Trevor experiences faster breathing after exercise. Furthermore, Trevor’s heart rate is higher than the normal. He records 87 beats per minute as opposed to the usual 72 beats per minute. The conditions of Trevor are slowly developing to hypertension.

The condition occurs due to the failure of cardiac muscles to pump sufficient blood into the body organs (Cooke, Pearson, Williams, Grover, & Jones, 2016). Fatigue accompanies the Breathe shortness condition. Trevor has a breathe shortness because his oxygen levels read 94%.

Etiology of IHD

Angina refers to extreme pain in the chest area (Craft, Gordon, Huether, McCance, & Brashers, 2015). The patient perceives severe pain in the chest.  The illness affects the left and middle chest components (Dorcy et al., 2016). The condition emanates as a result of emotional and physical disturbance (Dorcy et al., 2016). The pain disappears when one abandons the previous strenuous activity. Trevor feels pain after exercise; however, the pain ends when he completes the physical task.

Proper physical activity speeds up the metabolism of fats. When an individual fails to carry out regular physical regiments, their cholesterol levels shoot due to slow metabolism (Gerhardt, Berg, Wiebe, & Holmbeck, 2017). Trevor’s work schedule is so tight that he rarely finds time for exercise.

Cigarette Smoking

Smoking of cigarette interferes with gaseous exchange activity of the lungs. Therefore, hemoglobin fails to pick up oxygen. The absence of oxygen prevents the cardiac muscles from normal metabolic activities (Gerhardt et al., 2017). Thus, the muscles lack the necessary energy to pump blood into the heart and other somatic cells. Trevor is a cigarette smoker hence at high risk of Ischemic Heart disease.

A poor diet is one that lacks all the essential food components. Better still, such a diet has a specific component in excess but requires another critical part. A diet that has excess fats leads to the deposition of cholesterol molecules into the channels of blood hence blocking its flow (Kasper et al., 2015). Therefore, the components of the heart are unable to receive the pumped blood leading to the onset of IHD. Trevor is one person who does not observe diet as he eats anything that the wife cooks.

The type of Diabetes is common among people of age 60 and above. Trevor is 61 years old. Diabetes results from the failure of pancreatic cells secret insulin hormone, therefore leading to excess blood sugar (Kazak, & Noll, 2015). Elevated sugar levels saturate the composition of blood hence preventing hemoglobin from transporting oxygen to the heart muscles. Thus, the vascular tissues fail to pump enough blood to the muscles and the body organs leading to IHD. Earlier on, the physician suspected that Trevor had type 2 diabetes, but he declined to go for tests to ascertain the doctor’s claims.

The test gauges the activities of the cardiovascular muscles (Kozier et al., 2015). The electrocardiographic analysis enables physicians to check the sections of heart muscles that are damaged, overworked or enlarged (LeMone et al., 2015). The detecting cathodes are tied around the chest, legs, and arms using a tape.

Signs and Symptoms

The tests ascertain the quantities of cholesterol, proteins, and sugar in the blood sample from the patient (McGrady, Peugh, Brown, & Pai, 2017). Additionally, the tests check at protein levels. Elevated blood sugar levels increase the risks of IHD. Moreover, high amount of cholesterols points at a potential IHD.

The device measures the heart rate. The patient should wear it for a period of twenty-four to forty-eight hours (Potter, Perry, Stockert, & Hall, 2016). Trevor’s heart rate is 87 beats per minute which are higher the average 72 beats per minute.

I would use the Electrocardiogram to measure the level of Trevor’s heart activity. Additionally, I would use the Holter to gauge the rhythm of Trevor’s heart. Moreover, I would use radio imaging device check whether Trevor’s center has an infection or otherwise.

The interference with the normal functioning of the heart affects metabolic activities of the body. Such an individual is weak and cannot properly carry out their duties. Additionally, IHD can lead to hypertension if not treated at the appropriate time. Moreover, IHD can lead to ischemic stroke since stroke results from blockage of arteries transporting blood to the brain.

Approximately 5.9 million Australians are suffering from high blood pressure (Tsikis, Valenzuela, Levy, & Wolf, 2017). In the USA, 26% have hypertension (Tsikis et al., 2017). The statistics represent the adult population affected by hypertension. Moreover, the number insinuates 33.65% of Australian adult population (Potter et al., 2016). There is elevated hypertension prevalence in males as compared to females (McGrady et al., 2017). Approximately 2.8 million women are suffering from hypertension (LeMone et al., 2015). The number stands for 32.1% of all female adults in Australia (McGrady et al., 2017).

 On the other hand, close to 3.2 million males have high blood pressure (LeMone et al., 2015). The number represents 34.9 % of all men (LeMone et al., 2015). The USA also experience high numbers in male as compared to females. Individuals living in metro regions have lower prevalence rates compared to their counterparts who stay in rural areas (LeMone et al., 2015). Non-Hispanic blacks of the USA are the most affected group (LeMone et al., 2015). High blood pressure mostly affects those of advanced age. Therefore, the threat of hypertension advances with the increase in an individual’s age.

As individuals advance in age, their arteries tend to clog hence narrowing the blood’s pathway (Kozier et al., 2015). Moreover, as people reach the twilight ages, the vessels become rigid and cannot adjust to sudden changes in the blood pressure. Therefore, older individuals are at high risk of suffering from hypertension compared to the younger individuals.

Breathe Shortness

The intake of excessive amounts of salt introduces large quantities of sodium ions into the bloodstream (Kozier et al., 2015). The elevated amounts of sodium force the kidney to get rid of the ion in urination and through sweating. The electrolyte components of blood diffuse through the organ to dissolve the cations before secretion (Kozier et al., 2015). The blood remains with a high concentration. The electrolyte free blood moves at elevated speeds.

Physical regiments increase the level of fat metabolism. Constant physical activity lowers cholesterol levels in the blood (Kazak, & Noll, 2015). Therefore, an individual who does not exercise regularly can accumulate a significant amount of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol block blood vessels leading to high blood pressure.

The condition occurs when the insulin receptors cannot bind to insulin hormone secreted by pancreatic cells (Kasper et al., 2015). Thereby, the blood sugar levels shoot above the normal. Elevated blood sugar increases the osmotic potential of the electrolytes above that of blood.

The primary function of the kidney is to filter the blood. When the organs are infected, their filtering capacity also goes down (Gerhardt et al., 2017). The blood travels through the vessels with a lot of impurities such as cholesterols. The contaminants cog the channels leading to the onset of hypertension.

Excessive alcohol consumption elevates blood pressure. Alcohol leads to low hypothalamus activity (Gerhardt et al., 2017). Thus, the hypothalamus cannot send signals to the pituitary glands to secret the Anti-Diuretic Hormone. The kidney cannot reabsorb electrolytes from the blood hence secreting elevated amounts of urine (Gerhardt et al., 2017). The inability of the kidney to carry out the re-absorption functions emanate from the lack of ADH. Thus the blood becomes concentrated hence its pressure shoots.

These are features that patients can modify to lower the chances and the effects of high blood pressure. They include diabetes, physical regiment, obesity, cholesterol levels in the blood, and smoking habits (Gerhardt et al., 2017). An appropriate change in lifestyle reduces the chances of hypertension.

An individual who participates in regular physical activity lowers the risks of obesity. The person also decreases the number of cholesterol levels in the blood (Dorcy et al., 2016). A victim who quits smoking reduces the levels of high blood pressure.

These are factors that the patient cannot regulate. They include family background, an individual’s age, and ethnicity (Craft et al., 2015).  An individual has no power to control the three factors. As the age of individual advances, the chances of getting hypertension increases. The aboriginals are the most likely tribe to suffer from hypertension than any other tribe in Australia. People who have a family member who has ever suffered from hypertension are at high risks of suffering from hypertension. The mother of Katrina suffers from high blood pressure hence Katrina is at high risk.

Inability to do physical exercise

The first stage is the diagnosis stage. Physicians use a clinical device to monitor the levels of blood pressure. The measurement should occur for three consecutive times, an individual who records more than 140/90mmHg in readings is hypertensive (Craft et al., 2015). The second step involves treatment. Physicians commonly prescribe diuretics to patients (Cooke et al., 2016). After the administration of a diuretic, the clinician offers Chlortalidone and indapamide (Cooke et al., 2016). The patient should take the drugs as prescribed by the doctor.

Individuals who are allergic to diuretics take the antagonistic doses though in low quantities. After the administration of the drugs, the patient awaits lifestyle advice from the doctor.

Conclusion

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) majorly affects the elderly, while hypertension can affect any age. An unbalanced diet, lack of exercise, and smoking are some of the causes of both IHD and hypertension. Risk factors for IHD include smoking cigarette, high blood pressure, and obesity. There are numerous diagnostic tools for IHD. The prevalence of hypertension is slightly average in Australia. Men are affected than the women. A specific grading system exists for hypertension. The disease has both modifiable and non-modifiable features. The Australian health department has conclusive primary management for high blood pressure.

References

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