Comparison Of Construction Waste Management Practices In Australia And India

Umar et al. (2017) stated that the generation of solid wastes while undertaking the construction process is often disposed in landfills. The exposition of solid wastes to the environment through the open dumping process gets into the food chain rapidly, which affects the biodiversity of the regions. Annepu (2012) stated that the wastes in the Australian state of Victoria are accumulated through 44 percent of landfill. The utilization of primitive waste disposal techniques has affected the environment of the region adversely. Contamination through the disposal of the hazardous substances that are disposed off to the open dumping grounds might cause leachate that affects the biodiversity (Song, Liand Zeng 2015). On the other hand, India faced the same issue relating to the disposition of C&D (Construction and Demolition) waste treatments through the utilization of primitive methods of landfill. However, Li et al. (2013) stated there are subtle changes that were undertaken by Australia and India, which has helped in redesigning the framework of waste creation and management of the same. The research aims at identifying the different processes that are undertaken by thenations for managing the construction wastes.  Most of the wastes are accumulated in the landfills, which might create situations through which the toxins are embodied and introduced in the food chains affecting the biodiversity (Laurent et al. 2014). On the other hand, the efficiency of the different practices that are undertaken by the constructors in Australia and India might also affect the biodiversity. Therefore, the research aims at providing certain recommended actions through which the C&D wastes could be managed well.

The research will be aiming to identify the different manner in which the C&D wastes are managed by India and Australia and it implications on the environment.  Introduction of the C&D Waste Management Rules 2016 emphasized on minimizing the different sources of C&D waste generation (Roberts2015).On the other hand, theNational Waste Policy aimed at minimizing waste and maximizing resources, which is implemented in Australia. The collaborative approach is a aimed at avoiding generation of waste, disposal of waste, managing waste through proper treatment (Bogdan  andDeVault2015). The different methods that are implemented by the nations, namely – Australia and India, will be discussed in the study. Udawatta et al. (2015) stated that the C&D waste management technique that is undertaken by India is through the implementation of the 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) concepts. On the other hand, Nagapan et al. (2012) stated that Australia has developed a culture of effectively managing the construction waste through certified and wide waste disposal options like incineration, composting and minimization of the source of the waste. The wide range of options has helped the Australian undertakings in reducing the C&D wastes. The research will be undertaken on the basis of differentiating the C&D management practices that are undertaken by India and Australia and thereby identify the most efficient steps for managing the C&D wastes.  Khaliq et al. (2014) stated that the segregation of the wastes as per the nature of the wastes and the manner in which they can be managed efficiently.

Efficiency of the Practices on the Environment

The manual separation of the wastes, screening – picking of the wastes and size reductions of the same will be helping to maintain the different changes in the systems of management.  Roberts (2015) argued that incineration of wooden wastes from the construction sites might create toxic smoke that dissolves into the food chain. However, Parthan et al. (2012) stated that the applicability of incineration can be made efficient through the proper segregation of the nature of the wastes. Incineration of Plastics and polymers might affect the environment as the smoke might contain dioxins,which causes cancerous changes in the animals. Chileshe et al. (2015) stated that the proper segregation of the different wastes based on the release of thetoxic chemicals declines the effect of the C&D management that is undertaken by the organizations. Thereby the application of incineration by the Australian organizations might affect the environment more adversely.  Pepe (2015) stated that C&D management practices undertaken by India is based on the 3R concept which will be helping to reduce the source of the wastes, reuse the wastes in the different sectors and thereby recycle the wastes. Rahman et al. (2015) stated that the applicability of the 3R concept will be helping India in maintaining the effectiveness of the C&D management procedure. Hiete (2013) stated that the different issues that are faced by the nations are based on the improper utilization of the techniques of construction waste management as it might emit harmful toxins affecting the environment in the region.Therefore, the research is aimed at identifying the appropriateness of implementing the different practices and through a compare and contrast of the diversified practices.On the other hand, the research will be rendering recommended strategies for enhancing the processesafter identifyingdifferent aspects of the C&D management practices that are undertaken by Australia and India. It will be helping to report on the efficiency of the practices that are undertaken by the nations.

The aim of the research will be to identify the differences in the C&D management practices undertaken by Australia and India.  It will be helping the researcher in segregating and differentiating between the different C&D management practices that are undertaken by the construction departments of the nations. The differences in the practices will be helping to justify the efficiency of the waste management functions that are undertaken by the nations (Arif et al. 2012). The major aim of the research will be focused on discussing the differences in the practices and the manner in which it helps in the reduction of C&D wastes. On the other hand, the research also aims to recommend different actions that might be undertaken by the constructors in India and Australia for ensuring the proper management of the solid wastes that might be toxic in nature.

Recommended Strategies for Enhancing Construction Waste Management Practices

The objectives of undertaking the research are:

• To identify the different C&D based waste management procedures undertaken by Australia and India.
• To compare and contrast between the different waste management procedures undertaken by Australia and India
• To recommend strategies for efficiently undertaking different waste management procedures

The research questions will be helping the researcher in guiding the study to its unbiased outcome. In this case, the research is based on the different practices that are undertaken by the construction departments in Australia and India. The research questions that will be addressed during the research study are:

• What are the different C&D based waste management procedures undertaken by Australia and India?
• In what manner the waste management procedures undertaken by Australia and India are different?
• What are the recommended strategies to optimize the different waste management procedures undertaken by India and Australia?

The study will be focused on the differences in the C&D related waste management procedures that are undertaken by Indian and Australian construction firms. The research will be focusing on undertaking a discussion on the different construction waste management practices in India and Australia, thereby compare and contrast between the same. The comparison of the practices based on the effectiveness and the low biological impact on the environment will be helping to enrich the study with the means of maintaining a proper balance in the ecosystems. On the other hand, comparison of the different methods of waste management will be helping the construction departments in effectively reducing the wastes and their respective impacts. The most significant part of the research is based on the recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of the construction waste management processes that are undertaken by the entrepreneurs in India and Australia. The research will be facilitatingto validate the study through the comparison of steps and thereby recommending the different activitiesthrough which issues relating to the proper treatment of the construction wastes can be resolved.

Research philosophy will be facilitating the researcher in identifying the fundamental nature of the research through the utilization of effective research hypothesis. The different types of Research philosophy includepositivism, interpretivism, realism and pragmatism.Taylor, Bogdan  andDeVault (2015) stated thatresearch philosophy sets out differentfeaturesincluding epistemology, ontology and axiology. It will be helping the researcher in identifying the different variablesforundertaking the research as per the objective of the same.  In this context, researcher will be undertaking the Positivismphilosophy, which will be helping to understand the existence of reality through the utilization of scientifically proven techniques.The identification of the different procedures that are undertaken by the entrepreneurs for managing the construction based wastes and thereby recommending strategies for improving the same will be facilitated through the application of scientifically proven techniques. The identification of the different waste management techniques will be helping entrepreneurs in maintaining the different changes in the systems.

The Research approach of the study helps the researcher in undertaking the required steps through clarity in perceptions, which helps in culminating into an unbiased research outcome. The approach will be helping to conduct the study with the view of actualizing into the desired outcome. Taylor, Bogdan  andDeVault (2015) stated that the research approach will be helping the researcher in identifying the different steps and thereby design the in order to culminate into the desired outcome of the study. . Research approach is of two types, namely, inductive approach and deductive approach. In this connection, the researcher will be undertaking the deductive approach as it will be helping the same in scrutinising the different available theories and models on construction waste management. The different practices that are undertaken by the entrepreneurs in India and Australia is being studied for culminating into the desired outcome or to recommend the different strategies for enhancements.

Objectives of the Study

The Research design will be providing the researcher will be helping the researcher in designing the different steps through which the specific goal of the study is achieved. Taylor, Bogdan andDeVault (2015) stated that research design facilitates the researcher to provide reference by limiting the targeted results performed on the basis of the acclaimed goal. Research design is of three different types, which include explanatory research design, exploratory research design and descriptive research design. As per the case, the researcher will be considering the Explanatory research designas it will be helping the same in describing the cause and effect relationship of  the different strategies for controlling and managing the wastes. It is characterized by the forecastof possible future outcomes of the study that is being undertaken by the researcher. The design that is chosen by the researcher will be helping the same in maintaining the congruency between the different activities relating to the construction waste management. On the other hand, it will be helping the researcher in comparing and contrasting between the different waste management practices that are undertaken by Indian and Australian entrepreneurs.

Data is considered to be one of the major aspects of undertaking a study as it helps in supporting the different views that will be undertaken by the researcher. It will be helping the researcher in undertaking a retrospection of the elements that are considered while undertaking the study. The nature of the study and the data collection process that is selected by the researcher will be helping the same in culminating into an unbiased outcome of the study as per the objective of the research. In this connection, the researcher will be considering the Secondary data collection process, which will be helping the same in reviewing different literatures related to the waste management practices that are undertaken by the entrepreneurs in India and Australia. On the other hand, the qualitative research will be conducted through a review of peer- reviewed journals and valid articles on the different construction based waste management practices that are undertaken by the nations. The review of the available data and literature on the aforesaid topic will be helping the researcher in identifying the different issues that are faced by entrepreneurs in nations and thereby recommend different strategies in order to enhance the controlling and management measures through which the construction based wastes can be reduced.

Table 1: Table showing the timeframe of the entire research

(Source: As created by author)

References

Annepu, R. K. (2012). Sustainable solid waste management in India. Columbia University, New York, 2(01).

Arif, M., Bendi, D., Toma-Sabbagh, T. and Sutrisna, M., 2012. Construction waste management in India: an exploratory study. Construction innovation, 12(2), pp.133-155.

Chileshe, N., Rameezdeen, R., Hosseini, M.R. and Lehmann, S., 2015. Barriers to implementing reverse logistics in South Australian construction organisations. Supply chain management: an international journal, 20(2), pp.179-204.

Hiete, M., 2013. Waste management plants and technology for recycling construction and demolition (C&D) waste: state-of-the-art and future challenges. In Handbook of Recycled Concrete and Demolition Waste (pp. 53-75).

Khaliq, A., Rhamdhani, M.A., Brooks, G. and Masood, S., 2014. Metal extraction processes for electronic waste and existing industrial routes: a review and Australian perspective. Resources, 3(1), pp.152-179.

Laurent, A., Bakas, I., Clavreul, J., Bernstad, A., Niero, M., Gentil, E., Hauschild, M.Z. and Christensen, T.H., 2014. Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems–Part I: Lessons learned and perspectives. Waste management, 34(3), pp.573-588.

Li, M., Kühlen, A., Yang, J. and Schultmann, F., 2013. Improvement of the statutory framework for construction and demolition waste management exemplified in Germany and Australia. In Urban Environment (pp. 15-25). Springer, Dordrecht.

Nagapan, S., Rahman, I.A., Asmi, A., Memon, A.H. and Latif, I., 2012, December. Issues on construction waste: The need for sustainable waste management. In Humanities, Science and Engineering (CHUSER), 2012 IEEE Colloquium on (pp. 325-330). IEEE.

Parthan, S.R., Milke, M.W., Wilson, D.C. and Cocks, J.H., 2012. Cost estimation for solid waste management in industrialising regions–Precedents, problems and prospects. Waste management, 32(3), pp.584-594.

Pepe, M., 2015. Concrete Industry: Waste Generation and Environmental Concerns. In A Conceptual Model for Designing Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Structural Applications (pp. 7-16). Springer, Cham.

Rahman, M.A., Imteaz, M.A., Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J. and Disfani, M.M., 2015. Recycled construction and demolition materials in permeable pavement systems: geotechnical and hydraulic characteristics. Journal of Cleaner Production, 90, pp.183-194.

Roberts, D., 2015. Characterisation of chemical composition and energy content of green waste and municipal solid waste from Greater Brisbane, Australia. Waste management, 41, pp.12-19.

Song, Q., Li, J. and Zeng, X., 2015. Minimizing the increasing solid waste through zero waste strategy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 104, pp.199-210.

Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.

Udawatta, N., Zuo, J., Chiveralls, K. and Zillante, G., 2015. Improving waste management in construction projects: An Australian study. REsources, conservation and Recycling, 101, pp.73-83.

Umar, U.A., Shafiq, N., Malakahmad, A., Nuruddin, M.F. and Khamidi, M.F., 2017. A review on adoption of novel techniques in construction waste management and policy. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 19(4), pp.1361-1373.

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