Analysis of the chosen topic: including a case study, issues related to the case, service provision and policy implications
In this assignment, I will plan to define the contemporary health issues that refer to the current situations in health. These involve such as elderly care and health care standards among others. Health and social care issues are considered as those issues that are related to the public interest and there are anumber of factors that may impact thepublic debate on such matters (Carrington, Neville and Whitwell, 2010). I will devise a case study on Successful aging in a 70-year-old man with Dementia and long-standing lung disease syndrome. In addition, I will involve a discussion on ethics and the implications of ethics that are related to this topic. Along with that the critical evaluation in relation to the issues that arise in the case study will be discussed. In the context of issues of the case study, four concerns are emphasized such as prevalence, causes, theories and ethical issues and principles. Furthermore, I will critique the evidence on the topic of case study and relevant government policies as well as legislation. However, the role of government in ethics and equality are huge as it covers huge importance in the entire world and does not matter whether it is related to the health or any other factor.
The case study is related to Mr. C who is 70 years old man with dementia and long-standing lung disease. Dementia is not considered as the specific disease while it is a term that interferes in daily functioning. There are some symptoms of dementia such as memory, communication and language, non-ability to pay attention and focus on issues and visual perception. His wife take care of him and I have found from the case study that he has constant chest infections for which he takes antibiotics and he needs oxygen at home. The condition of Mr. C is getting worse day by day due to increase lung disease in his body. His latest chest infection has not responded well to antibiotic tablets and the condition of Mr. C is getting deteriorated. Diet of him is getting decreased day by day. I have observed that the age of both husband and wife is above 70 in which her wife is 72 years old which shows that she is 2 years older than him. It is necessary for such kind of disease to get admitted in the hospitals as hospital cure involving intravenous antibiotics and physiotherapy; he may get better from his infection (Krinsky-McHale, et. al., 2008). It has been observed through a case study that he is bound to develop similar infection in near future. MR C has had the best experience in a hospital as he is unable to adopt the changes. According to his wife he should get admitted in hospital so that he could get better treatment under doctor observation and get well soon.
Prevalence and causes of dementia and lung disease in the UK
A critical discussion has been made under this section regarding the issues in the case study in which prevalence causes, theories regarding ethical concerns and ethical issues are elaborated.
The prevalence of dementia in the country of United Kingdom is increased in which around 850,000 people with dementia are found in 2015. It is the major issue in this case study because dementia has seventh stages in which one can mild cognitive decline and the observation, as well as concentration power of person, is reduced day by day. Along with that, there is prevalence under this case study which is the prevalence of lung disease and it has been found that 1.2 million people of UK have diagnosed which shows that the prevalence of lung disease has increased in the UK by 27%. According to Alz.Org. (2018), the risk of developing Dementia is appeared to be enhanced by number of conditions that damage the blood vessels and heart. Dodd, (2015), propose that lung disease is the major concern that can lead a human lifeto death. It is vital for the people to keep the focus on these kinds of diseases and provide proper health treatment regarding the prevention of these kinds of diseases. Along with that lung disease can increase the other disease in the body such as breathing problems as it has been evaluated that Mr. C requires oxygen at home due to lung disease. Due to these issues and as per the case study, it has been analyzed that the wife of Mr C is in trouble of handling her husband in more appropriate manner and she is forced to take care of him due to being wife even she is 2 years older than him.
The causes behind these kinds of disease are defined below in the context of dementia and lung disease.
According to Alz.Org, (2018), there are two kinds of protein such as amyloid and tau. It has been analyzed that the nerve cells in the brain require oxygen and nutrients from the blood to survive and the when the flow of the blood to the brain is decreased, the function of nerve cells less well and eventually die. Mr. C is facing disease of dementia which narrows the blood cells of him deep inside the brain. According to the symptoms of dementia, it has been anticipated that Mr. C is habitual of smoking or he can have high blood pressure or diabetes issues. due to mild cognitive impairment because of dementia, Mr. C can have memory loss and difficulty in concentrating which increase the trouble for his wife who is already 72 years. it would be the great pressure on her to take care of her husband despite old age.
The case study of Mr. C: a 70-year-old man with Dementia and lung disease
There are major three causes of lung disease such as Airway diseases that affect the tubes that carry oxygen as well as other gases into and out of the lungs. It is being the major reason in which they cause a blockage of the airways that involves asthma, bronchiectasis and COPD. It has been found that the death rates in the UK are increased due to lung diseases in which people die of lung cancer and COPD (Dodd, 2015). Both are firmly connected with the tobacco, smoking and drinking, which is also considered as the risk aspect ofpneumonia, another leading cause of death.
According to the case study, it has been found that the wife of Mr. C is facing over burdened due to take care of her husband. It is vital for Mr. C to understand that he is giving trouble to his wife by denying going hospital for better treatment. The treatment of Mr. C can be done in an efficient manner but he denied to get admitted over there due to have bad experiences in hospitals (Groves and LaRocca, 2011). It has been anticipated that he did not get better assistance and care from the care taker of hospitals. There are some ethical theories regarding the case study are described below which will be helpful to define that there should be the proper scenario of managing the disease with taking consideration of other’s requirement (Lawton and Páez, 2015).
Deontology is referred to as Kantianism and it is an obligation based theory that’s written by Immanuel Kant. The moral decisions are keeping priority as per this theory in which the moral duties should be based on one’s duties and rights of others (Mandal, PonnambathandParija, 2016). According to this person has right to live their life as per their comfort and they will act morally, not in term of personal desires (Mitroff, 2016). In the context of the case study, the role of deontology is huge as it has been observed that the wife of Mr. C is facing issues regarding the taking care of her husband as he does not cope well with changing environments. According to this theoryMr. C should be admitted to the hospital without taking his permission as it is the question of his life. However he has the issue of facing change environment but it can be resolved with the cooperation of hospital as he is facing sever disease which cannot be entertained by his wife at home lonely. There are four subtypes of deontology such as divine command theory, natural right theory, contractarian theory and pluralistic theory and in the context of this case study, the pluralistic theory would be preferable (Christie, Groarke and Sweet, 2008). Mr. C should think about her wife and her wife should admit him tothe hospital without thinking about his challenges in environment change. It has been evaluated that the reason moves us to act out of duty for its own sake and independently of any thought about the consequences (Leenes, et. al., 2017).
Critical discussion of ethical concerns related to health and social care issues
Utilitarian approach is deemed as the effective theory and it moves extra than the scope of one’s own interests and takes into explanation the interests of others. It describes that moral behaviors construct the superior surroundings in the corporation. According to this approach, the decision producer is expected to believe the control of each substitute judgment on whole parties and believe one that evaluates the content for the enormous number of people because it is not essential that definite calculations are simple they can be multifaceted (Devettere, 2009).The utility can be referred as the most contentment that embraces that actions are right in term of proportion as they are tending to promote happiness (Erickson Cornish, 2014). According to the case study,Mr. C has lung disease that increases the infection in his body which can be the cause of disease for his wife. This ethical theory defines that it is vital to keep consideration of his wife as she is two years older than his husband.
There are four ethical principles such as autonomy, justice, non-maleficence and beneficence which would be helpful to understand the entire concept of the case study. It has been observed that Mr. C does not adopt with changing environment that is why it is required for the hospitals to follow ethics principles to make healthy environment within the hospital.
Autonomy is the concept that refers self-rule, it has been analyzed that people have a compulsion to respect the autonomy of other persons that reflects the human dignity along with that it provides a unenthusiastic duty not to hinder with the decisions of capable adults and optimistic duty to encourage others for whom we are liable (Resick, Hargis, Shao and Dust, 2013). As per this ethical principle, Mr. C has right to express his wishes clearly.
Justice is the ethical principle of equality that shows everyone is equal and that is why they should be treated with positive way without showing inequality (Lucas, Van Wee andMaat, 2016). In the context of treatment in the hospital, this principle should be ata top priority that every patient is equal and should be treated in a similar manner (Greaney, et. al., 2012).
It is the ethical principle that avoids the causation of harm; it is the ethic duty of the healthcare professional to do not harm patients. Here, Mr. C would be harmed by forcibly restraining him in order to improve his health. On the other hand, if he is not treated in a well manner than he could face severe issues regarding health disease as he is not taking meal and drinking water which may weak him day by day (Daniels, 2010).
The healthcare professional should act to advantage his patient. The ethical standard of beneficence can clash with the principle of admiration of autonomy when the patient (Mr. C) makes a decision that healthcare team does not think well for the patient or his best interest (UKCEN, 2018). It is vital as per this ethical principle to consider both aspects regarding long-term as well as short-term view of Mr. C. In short term Mr. C will be getting afraid due to changing environment and this may lead him to distrust healthcare professionals in the future and to be unwilling to seek medical help (Pacquiao, 2008). In the long term there will be an advantage to Mr. C as he will get better treatment than home which would be helpful for him to recover fast due to under observation.
There are various policies and regulations of government that would be helpful in improving the healthcare of UK in a sophisticated manner.
Kings Fund: it has the nature of independent charity working in order to improve health and care in the UK. The major vision of King’s fund is to provide upper quality of healthcare to all. It covers various acts and government legislation such as the health and social care act. Along with that there are five laws are entailed under King’s fund that one cannot integrate all of the services for all of the people, second law is integration cost before it pays and third law is integration would be considered as the fragmentation. Fourth law defines that integrate a square peg into a round hole. Law 5 said that the one who integrates calls the tunes (King’s Fund, 2011). Apart from that there are various acts such as the Care Act 2014 and the Health and Social Care Act 2012 are embedded under the King’s Fund.
According to the 42 section of The Care Act 2014, cause is to be made enquiries if a person is a risk of neglect and abuse and unable to protect themselves. The strength of this term in the case study is to increase the safety of Mr. C as he had bad experience in previous treatment. It can be assumed that he must have faced some improper treatment from the hospital. The principles of this act are to ensure that people’s well being and the results which matter to them. Another principle of this act is to create a new focus on protecting and delaying requirements for support and care. Care Act 2014 covers National Assistance Act 1948, Health Services and Public Health Act 1968, Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970, Section 254 and Sch 20 of the NHS Act 2006, Carer’s Legislation and Heath and Social Care Act 2001. The main strength of this act is to make changes in the process for information technology system to make sure that it met the requirements of the Care Act. Along with that the capture of the details of the case was reviewed so that this data gives commissioners with the information they require to give shape the market to manage the new requirements.
Along with that Health and Social Care Act 2012 provides the improvement in choices and standards of care available for service users. The main strength of this act is that it has made new landscape in which commissioning, delivery, government and scrutiny are entailed. The care taker of patient can perform in well efficient manner which would be helpful for Mr. C to get well soon. The environment of hospital put positive or negative affect over the patient ad this act enable them to act in positive manner by which Mr. C can get better soon.
The main strength of King’s Fund is to have experts that bring specialist knowledge from a huge range of backgrounds. In the context of the case study, Mr. C would have advantaged in the term of healthcare buy knowing different approach as from where he can get better treatment. It provides an idea that can change the entire healthcare system in which the commissioners such as NHS England, Local authorities, Clinical Commissioning group and Great Manchester devolutions contact with providers such as private providers, voluntary sector, NHS trust and accountable care system and regulated by regulators like care quality commission and NHS Improvement (Kings Fund, 2015). On the other hand, the limitation of this act is included that it depends on good relationships between local organizations. It requires legislation to give the board adequate legal powers.
Audit Commission:the Audit Commission was a statutory corporation in the United Kingdom. The primary objective of the commission is to appoint auditors and set the standards for them to increase the efficiency of the work and oversee their work. The main objective of audit commission is to audit the financial accounts of NHS trusts and bringing out the local studies on financial management. There are major three functions of audit commission such as Audit, Research and Data-matching (Gov. UK. 2015). This commission is very helpful for the healthcare of UK as it appoints auditors and research indepth regarding the health issues all over the UK to make people aware of disease and treatment. The national fund initiative compares the data from a huge range of sources. The major limitations of Audit Commission are that it affects the regular work and it is not possible for the small organization and the auditors of audit commission can lose the line in case of not accomplishing for what they are assigned.
National patient safety agency regulations, 2001: it was a special health authority of the National Health Service (NHS) in England. According to this legislation the patients of UK have right to take decisions on their own and the healthcare organization should provide thehigh-quality services so that they can recover fast.
In the context of the case study, it can be said as per these regulations that Mr. C can get benefited as per these regulations. Kings Fund would be good for him as it provides a proper guidance about treatment. On the other hand, Audit commission ensures that hospital has been audited by them in an efficient manner that increases the trust of patients and their family to get admitted for better treatment with fair manner.
Conclusion
In the limelight of above discussion, it can be concluded that the role of policies in health and social care is huge as it ensures people that they are getting better and fair treatment. The discussion has been made on the case study in which critical evaluation regarding ethics has been described in an efficient way. Issues regarding case study have been elaborated in a more efficient way which provided a clear understanding of the disease from which Mr. C is suffering. Ethics are the necessary part which helps in understanding that what is right and what is wrong. The ethical principles and theories have been explained to implement it in the case study. The four ethics principles have been elaborated in this task such as beneficence, Non-Maleficence Justice and autonomy. The role of ethics principles for this case study is huge as the ethical standard of beneficence can clash with the principle of admiration of autonomy when the patient makes a decision that healthcare team does not think well for the patient or his best interest. The ethic principle justice shows everyone is equal and that are why they should be treated with positive way. Non-Maleficence is another ethic principle that says to do no harm patient and Autonomy refers for sharing their wishes to get services in the hospital. There has been discussion made on the government policies and regulations of UK that have a huge role in improving the healthcare of people of UK. Kings Fund, Audit Commission and National patient safety agency regulations, 2001 have been defined in an adequate way to discuss their role in improving the health of UK’s People. King’s fund is enabled to provide effective strategy in order to improve the healthcare system of United Kingdom as it covers the Care Act 2014 and the Health and Social Care Act 2012.
References
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