Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective

Assignment Guidelines

Discuss About The Controlling Immigration A Global Perspective.

When? –DueApril 13^th, 6pm.;20% of final grade. Please submit on e-conestoga in the ‘Assignments’ tab. You have 3 weeks to work on it…try not to leave it to the last minute!The assignment is provided with ample time for completion. There is a specific Due Date which is clearly communicated and regular reminders are given.You can submit only once, so I encourage you to be confident and happy with your assignment.I’m available to assist with direction, suggestions etc. while you are working on your assignment.When you feel that you have done your best work and are happy with the completed assignment, hand it in by the Due Date (April 13) for marking. If you want/need more time, you can hand in the completed assignment with a late penalty of 10%, past the Due Date,to be fair to all students who submitted on time. If you require accommodations for the assignment, I suggest you contact me well in advance of the due date. I will not grant extensions the day before it is due.

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You should use scholarly sources outside the course notes (though more are encouraged). Academic sources are found in academic journals, books, university presses, and other similar resources that you can search through via the Library @ Conestoga LRC. You all have access to the LRC off-campus, once you sign in, it will be possible to access loads of materials (full text articles and books) online. Alternate sources can be reputable newspapers and media (i.e. CBC, Toronto Star, NYT, The economist, The guardian, etc.), or also other reputable websites (not random blogs) from organizations and statistical agencies (i.e. Statistics Canada, The World Bank, IMF, EIU, etc.).

Article Summary

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Style–  Follow the instructions below and fill in your answers. This is a formal assignment, so use proper writing style, and make sure to edit your work, and watch for spelling and grammar!*

How/What? – Complete the following topic below, and when you submit the assignment, be sure to write a title and your name (+ partners name if applicable) on a title page or top of first page. You may copy and paste the questions into a new document, and create your assignment therein by answering questions below. Then save it with your name in the document title, and upload it to e-conestoga through the appropriate assignment submission folder (one copy per group). Ask me for help!! J

-Read the following article by Jeffrey Reitz that has been divided into paragraphs. Then, go to the last page of the document and read the questions posed, and any links therein.Type your answers (12 font, single space) to the questions labeled below the questions, and save ONLY those pages, as a new file, and upload to submission folder (with your names of course!). *Do not submit this entire document – only the last pages with questions, save as a new file with your name.

-Use your own words in providing your answers. ‘Use your own words’ does not mean ‘provide your opinion’ – it means show that you fully understand the concept/argument that the author is making by articulating the answer in your own words, and by making any references needed.

-Read the article, think about the questions, then plan out your answers and write them out coherently.

Article:Multiculturalism and Social Cohesion: Potentials and Challenges of Diversityby Jeffrey Reitz

1. Multiculturalism has been a cornerstone of Canadian policy for almost 40 years, but internationally, particularly since 9/11 and in light of inter-ethnic conflicts in Europe resulting from immigration, there has been something of a ‘retreat’ from multiculturalism. Should Canada keep multiculturalism despite problems elsewhere?  Or should our multiculturalism policies be changed, or perhaps even abandoned?

1. Debate over multiculturalismis partly a question of political principle, as discussed by, for example, Canadian philosophers Will Kymlicka and Charles Taylor.  But today, the debate is mostly about the social impact of diversity. Is there ‘unity in diversity,’ as advocates say, or does diversity lead to isolation, mistrust and disunity, as critics suggest?

1. There are many questions for social and psychological analysis based on the evidence. My co-authored book Multiculturalism and Social Cohesion: Potentials and Challenges of Diversityexamines some of these questions based on evidence from a unique and comprehensive source: Statistics Canada’s 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey of over 40,000 Canadians representing all cultural groups across the country.

1. Some of our basic findingsare these. First, the maintenance over time of attachments to an ethnic minority community – strong ethnic identity and involvement in the ethnic community – have both positive and negative effects on social integration, depending on different dimensions of social integration.

1. We find positiveeffects of strong ethnic attachments are found when we look at a person’s sense of belonging in Canada, and their overall life satisfaction. There are positive effects of ethnic attachments also on voting, a telling indicator of social integration.

1. However, we find negativeeffects of strong ethnic attachments on rates of citizenship acquisition for immigrants, and on acquisition of a sense of Canadian identity. There is also a clear negative effect of strong ethnic attachments on feelings of trust in others.

1. These positive and negative impacts show that the impact of diversity on social cohesion is mixed; the answer depends on the dimension of integration.  The two opposing views of the social impact of diversity are not contradictory. Rather, they capture different aspects of reality.

1. A second findingshows that inequalities experienced by visible minorities are an important challenge for policy. Visible minorities in Canada experience significant inequality. Visible minorities have the lowest household incomes and the highest poverty rates – about double the rates for whites.  Of course, the economic status of visible minorities definitely improves with time in Canada, and the children of visible minority immigrants have high levels of education and much improved household income levels.

1. However, a third findingis troubling – many visible minority respondents report experiences of discrimination in Canada, and their concerns appear to intensify with greater time in Canada.  For recentimmigrants, 34 percent of visible minorities reported experiences of discrimination in the previous 5 years, compared to 19 percent for whites. Visible minorities also more often report discomfort in social situations, and even fear becoming the target of an attack. And over time, these concerns become more frequent for visible minorities, whereas among white immigrants, reports of discrimination decline.  For the children of immigrants, the rate of reported experiences of discrimination among visible minorities is up to 42 percent – and over 60 percent for blacks – whereas among whites the rates decline to about 10 percent.

1. Partly as a result of experiences of discrimination and a sense of exclusion, visible minorities are less socially integratedinto Canadian society than their white counterparts. They are clearly slower to acquire a ‘Canadian’ identity. Most indicators show more negative trends for racial minorities than for whites.  For example, among recent immigrants racial minorities actually express a stronger sense of belonging in Canada than do whites; among the children of immigrants it is the reverse.  A positive outlook of newly-arrived racial minority immigrants fades considerably with experience in Canada.

1. These findings carry important implications for future policy. Our findings suggest that multiculturalism policies should not only emphasize the potential strengths of diversity, but also address some of its challenges. Multiculturalism policy should embrace a more authentic and socially active commitment to developing positive relations between groups.

1. It is worth recalling that these issues were emphasized in Pierre Trudeau’s original speech on multicultural philosophy in 1971. Multiculturalism, he said, involved supporting minority communities.  But it also required resources for integration, including equal access to full participation in Canadian society, as well as learning an official language. And he added a fourth objective: to “promote creating encounters and interchange among all Canadian cultural groups, in the interest of national unity.”

1. Regarding equality, existing policypromotes the idea of racial equality, but the impact has been small. I say this because minority concerns about inequality grow with greater experience in Canada, and yet equity policies evidently have been insufficient to counter this trend.  Many Canadians simply discount reports of discrimination as unimportant.Yet minorities with greater experience in Canada become more concerned about the issue, and as a Canadian-born generation of racial minorities emerges, the issues of equality will become more significant. Inter-group exchanges could help Canadians address a range of issues not only including cultural practices and beliefs, but also inequalities.
2. Overall, we conclude that while Canadianscelebrate the value of diversity, we also should have a more open, frank, and authentic discussion of some of the challenges we face as a multicultural society. Left unaddressed these challenges may become greater and more difficult to address in the future. We need to explore various ways to bring groups together for this more authentic discussion.

1. Minority communitiesmay now tend to be isolated from each other but this is not necessarily so. They could play a more positive role in integrating immigrants and members of minorities into the larger society. They can act as a sort of “social bridge” between the two. In further discussion we may want to explore various ways to foster more effective inter-changes among members of Canada’s ethno-cultural groups in various domains of social and community activity – both as groups and individually among citizens who are members of groups.  We think that these challenges are worth meeting, because of the positive benefits of diversity which are also evident in our data and in the everyday lives of most Canadians.

Jeffrey G. Reitz, FRSC, is R.F. Harney Professor of Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies at the University of Toronto. Email: [email protected]

1. Consult this article below which discusses increasing immigration https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to-lead/why-canada-needs-a-flood-of-immigrants/article4105032/?page=alland discuss why Canada needs more immigrants, and how the system can sometimes fail them. Discuss benefits and caveats with the immigration system in Canada (using research, provide sources)

(Insert answers here below in full sentences, not in point form. Use references where required)

From the given article, it is found that the current year and the succeeding year will face a million of vacant jobs in Canada. The capital of the country, Ottawa is making amendments in the immigration policy but it is not being beneficial in any way.

Canada is in demand of more immigrants in a radical manner. A right amount of immigrants will be able to make Canada an innovative global power. However, a lack in the number of immigrants is responsible for draining away of power.

The system can tend to be a failure with the arrival of the immigrants. They might fill the vacant workplaces but their tax payment and investments on personal necessity creates a ripple effect on the national economy. However, the country admitted that there is no positive outcome of struggling for increasing the number of immigrants.  

The advantage of Canada is that it has the highest per capita rate of immigration all over the world, which caters to public support. On the other hand, the caveat is the widespread location which, has resulted in the under population of the country (Friesen, 2012, p. 4).

1. Reitz provides a number of findings from his work in the article pasted above.
2. His first finding is that there are both positive and negative effects to social cohesion of ‘visible’ minority Canadians who maintain a strong ethnic identification.What are the positive and negative effects of this?

According to Jeffrey Ritz, increased immigration will have the advantage of population growth and diversity within the country. A wide range of diversity will be able to affect a fair behaviour within the society. A diverse population has the power to make the social cohesion either strong or weak. Social cohesion has the benefit of binding the individuals at both domestic and national level. It also focuses on the set of common values, a sense of belonging, equal opportunities, civic order and an independent participation.

On the other hand, the negative effects of social cohesion come in the form of ghettoization, poor health outcomes and health. The increasing diversity might not be able to prevent social fragmentation and a declining socio- economic condition.  The movement of Canada towards social cohesion is facing the impact of an international backlash against the original multiculturalism of Europe. The country might face the negative impact of social fragmentation. The immigrants will not be able to participate entirely in the country’s economy and therefore the attachment will be poor (Hiebert, 2016, p. 110).

1. What is the second finding of his work?

(Insert answers here below in full sentences, not in point form. Use references where required)

The second findings of the work focused on the inequalities and discrimination experienced by the minorities as a significant challenge for norms and policies. The policies and procedures in Canada need to be amended in such a way that it addresses the concern of finance and economy of the visible minorities. The discrimination faced by the minorities I comparison to the whites should be mitigated. The minorities in Canada are facing a large amount of discrimination and inequality. In addition to that, they have the most reduced household incomes and an increased rate of poverty. This is discrimination on their part, as the whites do not face the same consequence. Moreover, their poverty rate is half of the visible minorities. It can be expected that the financial condition of the visible minorities will gradually improve in Canada. The children of the visible immigrants can have better level of education with an improved household income levels (Kaushal & Lu, 2015, p. 479- 522).

1. What is the third finding of his work?

Answer

The third findings of the work have focused on the difficult part of immigration system in Canada. It was found out in the article that the visible minority of Canada have experienced a large extent of discrimination and the intensity is seen to be gradually increasing. Among the immediate immigration, which is taking place, around 34% of the entire visible minorities have complained about their experience in discrimination from 5 years. On the other hand, only 19% of the whites in Canada have experienced discrimination. The discriminating behaviour between the whites and the minorities has been continuing from a long time and at a great extent. The group of visible minorities have often complained about discomfort in the social scenario. They are afraid of being a potential target of an attack due to the discrimination aimed at them. Along with the passage of time, the concerns of the visible minorities have taken a worse shape but improvements were observed in the case of whites. The children of the visible immigrants were reported to have faced discrimination at 42% and the blacks have faced 60%. On the contrary, the discrimination rate for the whites is only 10% (Hollifield, Martin & Orrenius, 2014, p. 48- 52).    

1. What are the social results of these three findings?

Answer

The social results of the three findings have highlighted on the experience of discrimination and exclusion faced by the visible minorities of Canada. The outcome has considered that the visible minorities are less combined with the society than the white members of the community are. The blacks and the minorities face a greater discrimination than the whites do.  The factors of the study have shown that the negative impact is more on the visible minorities than the whites are. The rate of reported discrimination complaints has reflected the same. For instance, the recent immigration in Canada portrays a powerful sense of belonging among the minorities than the whites (Razin, 2017, p. 97- 124).

1. What do his findings suggest for future multicultural policy?

Answer

The findings of the study have suggested that there are significant implications for further multicultural policy. As per the article, the multiculturalism policy should not become a burden on the probable strengths of diversity. This is because multiculturalism should not be considered as a stress but an important part for the improvement of the country’s policy. The multiculturalism policy should be designed in such a way that it considers an authentic and more socially involved dedication to enhance positive relation among the groups. This will be a trial for eradicating discrimination among the black, visible minorities and the whites in Canada (Zhu, 2016, p. 143-156).   

1. What were the four objectives of multicultural policy set out in 1971 by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau?

Answer

Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau set the four objectives of multicultural policy in 1971. He mentioned about providing support to minority communities, equal accessibility to whole- hearted participation in the Canadian society, learning an official language and promote creating encounters to interchange among all the groups in Canada to serve the purpose of national unity. From the objectives of the Prime Minister, it can be stated that the issues were identified long before however, no necessary actions were taken. The objectives were set but those were not implemented in the mitigation of discrimination among the visible minorities, black and whites of Canada (Paquet, 2015, p. 1815- 1835).

1. What does he suggest all Canadians should be doing to promote positive multiculturalism and social cohesion?

Answer

The Prime Minister stated that the existing policies were not sufficient to promote racial equality among the Canadians. Therefore he has suggested to implement the process of inter- group exchanges which he thought might be helpful in addressing this wide range of issue. It will not only consist of cultural beliefs and practices but also inequalities and the related discrimination. He has suggested the same because minority issues regarding inequality is growing rapidly in Canada and the existing policies have proved to be incapable to combat this trend. Moreover, many Canadians simply ignore the reports on discrimination thinking them to be insignificant (Campbell et al., 2016, p. 280- 290).

1. What does he suggest ‘minority’ communities do to promote positive multiculturalism and social cohesion?

Answer

He suggested that, the visible minorities of Canada need to play a major positive role in combining the immigrants and the members of the visible minority community into the wider society. They can exert power to bridge the gap which was created from a long time. They have the power to act as a social connector between the two groups. Their word will be paid attention by the two groups and they can use it as an advantage on their part. The visible minority groups of Canada need to take the responsibility of diminishing the huge barrier that has been created based on race, caste and color (Beine & Coulombe, 2018, p. 69-106).

As the visible minority communities in Canada were isolated from the major part of the society, therefore they need to maintain their internal unity in order to promote multiculturalism and social cohesion. The different groups of immigrants in Canada can be influenced by enhancing interchange in the various spheres of social activity in an effective manner. It can be recommended that if these challenges are met, then it will result in bringing out a positive effect from diversity in the daily life of the Canadians (Wang & Kwak, 2015, p. 340- 348).

References

Beine, M., & Coulombe, S. (2018). Immigration and internal mobility in Canada. Journal of Population Economics, 31(1), 69-106.

Campbell, J., Johnston, J., Cook, V., Sadatsafavi, M., & Marra, F. (2016, December). Is It Time to Re-think the Post-immigration Tuberculosis Surveillance System in Canada?. In Open Forum Infectious Diseases (Vol. 3, No. suppl_1). Oxford University Press.

Friesen, J. (2012). Why Canada needs a flood of immigrants. The Globe and Mail, 4.

Hiebert, D. (2016). What’s so special about canada? understanding the resilience of immigration and multiculturalism. Migration Policy Institute.

Hollifield, J., Martin, P. L., & Orrenius, P. (Eds.). (2014). Controlling immigration: A global perspective. Stanford University Press.

Kaushal, N., & Lu, Y. (2015). Recent immigration to Canada and the United States: A mixed tale of relative selection. International Migration Review, 49(2), 479-522.

Paquet, M. (2015). Bureaucrats as immigration policy-makers: The case of subnational immigration activism in Canada, 1990–2010. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(11), 1815-1835.

Razin, E. (2017). Immigrant entrepreneurs in Israel, Canada, and California. In Immigration and entrepreneurship (pp. 97-124). Routledge.

Wang, L., & Kwak, M. J. (2015). Immigration, barriers to healthcare and transnational ties: A case study of South Korean immigrants in Toronto, Canada. Social Science & Medicine, 133, 340-348.

Zhu, Y. (2016). Immigration policy, settlement service, and immigrant mothers in neoliberal Canada: a feminist analysis. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 48(2), 143-156.

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