Research Objective and Research Questions
1. Article 1:
Accruals Management to Achieve Earnings Benchmarks: A Comparison of Pre-managed Profit and Loss Firms
This article discusses the issue of business units regarding the profits prior to accumulation management are more likely to meet or go beyond the earnings standard when pre-managed earnings are below those standards, than firms with losses previous to accumulation management. The tendency to attain revenue standards by profitable and non-profitable organization results from differential accruals management behavior. The research has found that the companies with profit margins are more likely to attain the benchmark (Barua et al., 2006).
Article 2:
An Examination of Selected Marketing Mix Elements and Brand Equity
The relationships between chosen marketing mix elements and the development of brand equity are discussed in this article. A conceptual framework is proposed in this article by the authors that states that marketing elements are associated with the aspects of brand equity, such as supposed quality, brand loyalty, and brand associations along with brand awareness playing an important role in the segment. The findings of the research paper indicate that price promotions like price related deals, are associated with low brand equity. On the other hand high brand equity is associated with high expenditure on advertising, high price, good store image and high distribution (Yoo et al., 2000).
Article 3:
Exploring Managers’ Perceptions of the Impact of Sponsorship on Brand Equity
This report discusses about the contemporary marketing tools of Sponsorship and how does it affect the brand in positive as well as negative ways. This instrument of marketing is increasing gaining popularity among the sports event and charitable events. The idea of the study is to analyze how managers perceive the idea of brand-equity management ability of their sponsorship linked marketing event (Cornwell et al., 2001).
Article 4:
Segmenting customer brand preference: demographic or psychographic
This article deals with the concept of market segmentation related to customer brand preference. The variables of demographic and psychographic based on various consumer choice of brands are used in this study to understand the characteristics of market segment. The aim of the study is to develop a tactics for creating competitive advantage using multiple segmentation variables in order to recognize concise and well defined targets and submarkets (Lin, 2002).
Article 5:
Relationship Management in Public Relations: Dimensions of an Organization Public Relationship
This report deals with the marketing tool of public relation and discusses the aspects that impact the public relation aspect of the organization. This paper aims to find out the factors that are associated with the good public relation an organization. The findings of the research paper suggest that aspects such as dependence, reliability, involvement, investment and commitment are essential as it help develop relations (Ledingham, & Bruning, 1998).
Article 1
One of the initial steps of conducting a research is to clearly state the objective of the study. Like every other aspect of a task r assignment a research also has specific goals and aims which the researcher wants to attain with the help of the analysis he or she is going to perform while carrying out the research. It is mostly a three to four statements which concisely and clearly states in sentences what the study is aiming to achieve by the end of the paper. With the help of the research objective the rest of the paper is built to keep parity and get directions to move ahead in the research process. The step in every paper that follows the research objectives are the research questions. The papers the develop hypothesis do not have research questions. There are papers where the objective and the question are stated clearly where as there are also papers where the objective and questions of the research is stated in the proposal rather than in the main paper (Ragin, 2013).
For the Articles that are being discussed in the assignment none of them have any dedicated segment for research objective, these elements are found mostly in the research proposal paper which is usually submitted for approval prior to the main research study. The abstract and the introduction that is provided in the articles suggest the main aim and objective of the research paper. Only article 4 seem to follow research question where as the others have hypothesis.
In order to provide the reader of the study with a structural flow of information I would have supplied two segments and would have added the objective and questions in a concise manner so that it does not interfere much with the word count of the document (Taylor et al, 2015).
Literature review is the analysis of the previous work that has been conducted by other authors in the related topics. This is a step that is incorporated in the process to from a fundamental understanding about the topic that is being researched and the related variables that have already been worked upon. As this process of data collection deals with works of other authors, it is crucial to refer the author correctly so as to avoid plagiarism. This is also called secondary data collection; the information that is gathered in this method is included from journal articles, books, e-documents, government websites and documents, Annual reports or any other official document of a company etc (Machi & McEvoy, 2016).
Article 2
Article 1: In this paper there is no section that has been allotted to literature review though in the introduction and the hypothesis development section a lot of information has been found related to previous works of other authors. It can be said that the literature included is of integrative and systematic type as it not only helps the researcher gather information about the topic it also helps develop the hypothesis. The sources that have been cited in the paper are mostly journal articles.
Article 2: In this article the literature have been divided in segments as sub headings such as brand equity and its dimensionality, effects of brand equity, marketing efforts as antecedents of brand equity etc. In these sections the author has supplied with several concepts and variables that are taken from the works of previous authors. The sources that have been cited in the literature are from academic journal articles and books. This review process is also integrative as it analysis the various dimension of the topic of research. It can also be said to have a Theoretical approach as it helps create a conceptual framework (Balcik et al., 2016).
Article 3: The literature that has been analyzed in this document are not in one section but is also made in several sub headings like the previous document. The definition of the terms that are important to know in order to take the research ahead is included in the literature. The authors with the help of the previous information develops hypothesis hence making the literature a combination of theoretical and integrative approach (Machi & McEvoy, 2016).
Article 4: The literature review in this article has been documented in the separate segment which includes subheadings. The type of literature that has been used in this report is systematic in nature and the citations that are used are form journal articles.
Article 5: just like the previous article this report also contains a separate segment for literature which is further divided in subheadings. The citations are academic journal articles and the type of literature review is Systematic (Balcik et al., 2016).
Article 1: The theory that has been analyzed in this paper is Accrual management. In order to attain standards in the revenue the steps that are taken can be pre arranged. The selection of accounting strategies in order to achieve the desired revenue is called earning management. The sales of a company develop an accrual of profit when an organization sells items to others on credit during a growth period (Enomoto et al., 2015).
Article 3
Article 2: The business theory is marketing mix and brand equity. Marketing mix traditionally have 4Ps price, product, place and promotion which was further increased to 7Ps including process, physical evidence and people were included in the theory. On the other hand, brand equity is the value that a company receives from the brand of a product or service rather than a product itself. Brand loyalty, awareness and association are the drivers of brand equity (Huang & Sarigöllü, 2014).
Article 3: Sponsorship is the theory that has been discussed in this paper. It is a tool of advertising that is known as a contemporary instrument of marketing where a brand or a company associates with a cause or an event to spread knowledge and information as well as create goodwill among the stakeholders of the organisation. Brand equity is the second theory that has been discussed; it is as aforementioned the drivers that create value of the company not form its sale of the products or service but from the perception of the brand. Sponsorship has a significant impact on brand equity as the cause or event that the company is associated with helps a company build a perception about the brand which further helps create value in the market (Johnston & Spais, 2016).
Article 4: Market segmentation is the process of recognizing the target market of a product or service by the organization. There are basically four segments demographic, psychographic, behavioral and geographic. In this report the author is analyzing demographic and psychographic aspects in order to understand the brand preference. By concentrating on the segments the company can build a product or service that will cater to the needs and requirements of the customer (Dolnicar et al., 2014).
Article 5: Public relation is a marketing tool that is a part of the IMC of an organisation. It is the process by which a company communicates with the end customers with the help of press release, press conference, events etc. the idea of public relation is to create buzz around a brand so that the brand have a concrete recall value. It is a two way communication process and the participants of this communication process are the organisation and the key publics (Hon & Grunig, 1999).
Article 1: The research approach that has been taken by the authors of this paper is both qualitative and quantitative there are a number of numerical evidences in the paper to back up the hypothesis. It is a deductive approach as the analysis begins with a hypothesis (Flick, 2015).
Article 4
Article 2: The authors develop a hypothesis to get to the conclusion of the research which makes this paper a deductive research. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are used to get to the result.
Article 3: Hypothesis is also developed in this project and surveys are undertaken to synthesize and analyse the findings of the research. Quantitative approach has been undertaken in forms of charts and graphs with numerical figures to support the qualitative statement in the paper.
Article 4: The report follows the approach of inductive nature as the research question form the base of the study as mentioned above there is no specific section for the question assuming that the questions are in the proposal that are supplied. There are graphs in the papers to back up the information supplied.
Article 5: Hypothesis has been developed in this research indicating that the approach is deductive. The paper contains a combination of qualitative and quantitative approach. The paper elicits the procedure of that has been followed as well as incorporates the results and the findings in a descriptive manner.
Article 1: In this article the authors have used probability sampling method to be more specific stratified sampling method it has been provided in the paper with the help of a table. Observations from compustat from 1992 through 2002 are 432,502. from this figure utilities financial, and service observations, (171,828); observations with no i/b/e/s detailed forecasts in last 30 days of fiscal quarter and observations not in i/b/e/s database, (203,347); observations with no i/b/e/s detailed forecasts in last 30 days of fiscal quarter and observations not in i/b/e/s database, (203,347) and extreme observations1 (1,723) has been deducted and total observations retained is 23,348 (Flick, 2015).
Article 2: The sample size has been chose in the random method that has been used in the article uses information from students enrolled in universities there are 569 eligible responses the authors have specified the percentage of the gender work experience As well as the origin of the students.
Article 3: In this document the authors has not given a dedicated section to the sampling whether they have provided the sampling information in the abstract of the paper. The authors surveyed 50 managers in order to analyze the value of sponsorship in brand equity. The random sampling method has been implemented in this case (Karanth & Mahesh, 2015).
Article 4: The authors have prepared a questionnaire in order to complete the research there are 1000 respondents chosen out of which 293 were discarded remaining 707 questionnaires were used for the purpose of analysis. The process of selection is random in this case.
Article 5
Article 5: For each tool that has been used by the authors to complete this research a sample size has been taken 14 public relations professional of the telecommunication company has been approached with an in depth interview. Next 18 government business and community leaders are chosen. 6 to 12 residential subscribers are also included in the 12 focus groups that the authors have used in the analysis of the study all of this selections were made randomly (Lotterhos & Whitlock, 2015).
Article 1: This paper the researchers have included secondary data collection as the process of gathering information all the information that have been used in the study is taken from financial record of an Institution that has been observed over a period of time
Article 2: Primary data collection is the process of gathering new information with the help of several tools and instruments. In this research paper the authors have used survey as the tool for gathering new data; the analysis of the information gathered from the survey is measured to find the results of the study (Sekaran & Bougie 2016).
Article 3: Primary data has been gathered in this research paper as well; two stage surveys have been implemented to reach the desired conclusion.
Article 4: In order to collect new information regarding the topic of research the authors have opted for the interview tool. It is actually a personal interview that has been conducted with the help of a questionnaire.
Article 5: The authors of this people have implemented to primary data collection methods in this paper. First is the discussion and next is focus groups, the discussion has been used as a fundamental base to carry forward the focus group activity (Venkatesh et al 2013).
Reference:
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Balcik, B., Bozkir, C. D. C., & Kundakcioglu, O. E. (2016). A literature review on inventory management in humanitarian supply chains. Surveys in Operations Research and Management Science.
Barua, A., Legoria, J., & Moffitt, J. S. (2006). Accruals Management to Achieve Earnings Benchmarks: A Comparison of Pre?managed Profit and Loss Firms. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 33(5?6), 653-670.
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Huang, R., & Sarigöllü, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. In Fashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors (pp. 113-132). Springer New York.
Johnston, M. A., & Spais, G. S. (2016). Sponsorship Research: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Sponsorship. In Looking Forward, Looking Back: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Marketing (pp. 734-734). Springer, Cham.
Karanth, P., & Mahesh, K. (2015). From Data to Knowledge Analytics: Capabilities and Limitations. Information Studies, 21(4), 261.
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Machi, L. A., & McEvoy, B. T. (2016). The literature review: Six steps to success. Corwin Press.
Ragin, C. C. (2013). The comparative method: Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies. Univ of California Press.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
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Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A., & Bala, H. (2013). Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide: Guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems. MIS quarterly, 37(1).
Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lee, S. (2000). An examination of selected marketing mix elements and brand equity. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 28(2), 195-211.
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