Introduction to HIV Disease
HIV is defined as human immunodeficiency virus that alters the human immune system. It is a part of health disease that attacks on the human immune cells which is called CD-4 cells and AIDS are the very common syndrome that may occur due to the HIV virus. It is identified that HIV is a retrovirus which can affect the vital organs and cells of the individual body system (Archin, et al., 2012). The main aim of this research essay is to describe the concept of the HIV virus and their impacts on human health. The rate of HIV is increasing very quickly and it depends upon the numbers of environmental factors, for example, the age of the person, the ability of their body and immune system. This essay is evaluating the key elements that influence the problem of HIV virus and strategies or policies to avoid this kind of health disorder in Australia. For better understanding a literature review will be conducted in this essay and data will be collected from various resources such as journal articles, research papers, and online websites. It is researched that there are main three processes by which HIV is transmitted in the body such as sexual transmission, perinatal transmission, blood transmission (Baeten, et al., 2012).
The HIV is a subgroup of retrovirus which causes the HIV infection and due to HIV the problem of AIDS also occurs. AIDS is a situation in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening infection. In some cases, the HIV virus is a transmitted disease which occurs by sharing blood, semen, and veginal fluids. It is investigated that the rate of HIV has increased by 20% in the year 2011 and it can affect the cells in the immune system, for example, helper T cells, dendritic cells and CD-4 cells (Baral, et al., 2012). The immune system also helps the body fight off infection and it is transmitted by the bodily fluids which involve blood, semen, breast milk and rectal fluids.
This type of health disorder does not spread in the air and any casual communication but it can affect the lungs and other parts of the body. Today this is a very serious problem in Australia because most the individuals contact with other without using any protection and treatment by which the problem of AIDS has been increased. If any person who has HIV problem does not take proper treatment then he can die due to the AIDS and other health issues. In the year 2014 around 2 million people worldwide were diagnosed due to the HIV and AIDS in which the percentage of women is very large rather than men (Beyrer, et al., 2012) During the condition of HIV the immune system is too weak and the patient can face other health related disease and infections. It is detected that almost 1.1 million Australian people are currently living with the HIV and AIDS in which most the people are adults aged between 18 and 40 years. The AIDS is one of the advanced stages which are occurred due to the HIV infection and the problem of cancer is associated with the HIV and AIDS. For the prevention of this problem, a new technique has developed that is antiretroviral drugs and it is analysed that if any person has AIDS that means their immune system is severely compromised. It is estimated that between 2014 and 2015 the rate of HIV and AIDS has raised by 10% in Australia and almost 1.1 million people have suffered this health issue (Boyer, et al., 2017).
Transmission of HIV
There are many scientists they detected a kind of chimpanzee in Africa as the source of HIV in human and they observed that the chimpanzee version of the SIV was transmitted to the individual. Latest researched indicates that the problem of HIV can be moved from apes to human as far back as the late 1900s and this type of virus spread in Africa and Australia very quickly. According to the world health organization if any person has this health disease and does not adopt any treatment then they will progress by main three stages, for example, acute HIV contagion, clinical latency, and AIDS. There are numbers of writers that provided their opinion on the topic of HIV and they identified that most of the individuals do not take follow any kind of treatment regarding HIV infection that directly impacts on the human immune system (Choopanya, et al., 2013).
The first stage of this disease is acute HIV infection in which individual may experience a flu-like illness and a large amount of HIV viruses are entered in their blood. But the person with the actuate infection can often unaware that they are infected and if any person has been exposed to this disease by sex then can take complete treatment. According to the recent report produced by the WHO on HIV/AIDS around 33 million persons are living with the HIV and AIDS in which most the people are adults aged between 18 and 25 years. Almost 2 million people die every year because they did not follow proper treatment and in the year 2006 690000 patients received the ART process for the first time (Deeks, et al., 2012).
In the middle countries, it is identified that 2 million people were received proper treatment at the end of 2007 and the rate of HIV is growing due to lack of health promotion, complete treatment and lack of exercise or physical activities. The Deeks, et al., (2013) produced a literature review on the topic of HIV infection and the relevant data or information is collected with the help of primary and secondary research design. The article of HIV progression model has been published in the year 2009 at that time the most of people in Australia are facing the issue of HIV and AIDS. Almost 3940 journal articles found in which only 90 papers met the inclusion criteria and most of the writers described the cause and symptoms of this health disorder.
Impact of HIV on Human Health
Freiberg, et al., (2013) indicates the various types of approaches and models that can identify the impact of HIV on the human body and key factors that enhance the percentage of HIV worldwide. The recent health issue in HIV involves around 7 peer-reviewed papers to gather the relevant information about the research topic. It is estimated that in the year 2020 around 212 million people will be diagnosed due to the HIV and AIDS and according to the latest investigation around 13 million children have lost one or both parent due to lack of proper treatment (Haynes, et al., 2012). As per the discussion of NHS around 22 million adults and school children were suffered from the HIV in Africa in the year 2007 and at that time almost 1 million people died from the HIV virus. The numbers of countries in the world adopted the primary health care services and the main aim of this health care is to avoid the problem of HIV and AIDS.
Heffron, et al., (2012) shows that the care of old people is not much priority in several countries and most of the medical schools and colleges does not provide courses and training for the prevention of HIV and another health disease. For example, the national qualification framework in Australia removed the gerontological nursing courses and there are very fewer healthcare organizations in Australia and other countries by which people cannot receive proper treatment of their disease. The recent evidence indicates that the problem of HIV is improving in the older population and the rate of HIV in older people is very high as compared to the adults. But the percentage of AIDS is very high in the adults aged between 18 and 35 years rather than the older population. Moreover, most of the writers provided their views on the HIV disease and they analysed that in last few years the problem of HIV has occurred in the college students and older people whose aged above 50 years and it is not a type of health disorder that spread by air or casual contact. It is a very crucial problem in any country and the scientist developed an ART therapy that can reduce this type of health problem by 90% and most of the doctors use this process in their hospitals.
Rodriguez, et al., (2013) provided a report on HIV infection and also investigated that the issue of HIV occur because people eat unhealthy foods and beverage and they do not follow any health program by which most of the people are living with AIDS and HIV. Recent data indicates that between 1990 and 2000 total annual attrition from all resources increased almost five times from the 355 to over 2001. The average rate of HIV in Australia was 2.4% and still, the main cause of HIV and AIDS are not determined and it is varying between 40 and 50%. The national health services developed many healthcare strategies policies for the prevention of the HIV and they also analysed the key elements that influence this type of health issue. The prevalence of HIV disease is growing very fast because individuals on the ART therapy are living longer and this method can reduce the other infections from 3 million people in the year 2004 (Samji, et al., 2013).
Prevention and Treatment of HIV
Generally, the death related t the AIDS disease has peaked at 2 million in 2004 and reduced this rate by 20% in the year 2012 that means it is a very advanced process to detect the HIV virus and maintain the immune system of any patient. According to the recent survey it is estimated that 9 million persons in low-income countries and middle-income countries has already developed health care services and ART therapy in the year 2012. Tanser, Bärnighausen, Grapsa, Zaidi, & Newell, (2013) conducted a literature and interview to collect the relevant information about HIV in the year 2009, 2010 and 2011. Around 110 new injectors in which 24 are women and 76 are men whose age was 25 years.
In the year 2012, the world health organization developed various strategies and policies to protect the human body system by HIV and AIDS and also provided an annual report for a better understanding of consumers. A recent paper concluded that the HIV prevalence among ladies that infected by HIV is very high as compared to the men. It is very complex to determine the main reason for this increment because this rate depends upon the nature of human, their body system and other environmental factors. Total 38 HIV-1 transmissions were identified with 4 events in the early therapy team and 35 events in the delayed therapy team. There are few tests performed during the treatment of the HIV and the healthcare organization identify which test is best suitable for the patient. The antibody is a very common test which is used by many hospitals and health programmes and many authors investigated on this test process and it has the ability to identify the amount of HIV virus in a patient.
In which the blood of the patient is checked by the antigens and it is a kind of protein that reduces the HIV infection. OraQuick HIV and home access HIV both tests are also very common test which can be used for the prevalence of HIV and AIDS disease (World Health Organization- II, 2016). If any person suspects they have been exposed the test of HIV infection but the got the negative result then they can repeat this process in the interval of three months. If they got a positive response from these test then they can confirm with their doctor or health care providers. NAT is another test which is generally used for the screening and this test is used for the person that has signs and symptoms of HIV and another risk factor. This test takes around 5 to 20 days to reduce the percentage of HIV virus from the blood of the human body and this test is commonly accompanied through an antibody process.
Global Scenario of HIV
Tebas, et al., (2014) identified the few symptoms of the HIV and ADIS for example, fever, skin rash, sore throat, headache, chills and upset stomach. All these signs are very similar to the flu due to which most people do not adopt any treatment and they can face the issue of blood cancer. The issue of HIV is associated in the public sector and the ILO and WHO produced a report in 2002 and they projected that HIV has a very important threat for the employees and public labour. This health disease also changes the gender and age distribution of the workforce and this type of issue raised in the females, children rather than male and older populations. It also affects the people that are working in an organization and the rate of women HIV is very large in Australia as compared to the male.
According to the NHS, the transmission of HIV and AIDS occur by human body fluids of the infected patient that involves semen, rectal secretions, breast milk and blood. The agent and host play a significant role in the field of HIV infection because they provide a platform to evaluate the problem of HIV. The government of Australia developed many health programmes and agencies to avoid the problem of HIV and most of the countries adopted modern techniques and process to identify the cause of this health issue. Transmission of HIV first outcomes in an intense contamination, trailed by an evidently asymptomatic period that midpoints ten years. Without antiretroviral treatment, most patients advance into a summed up safe brokenness that comes full circle in death.
The length of the asymptomatic period changes, and in uncommon cases tainted people never advancement to AIDS. Different people whose conduct attributes put them at high-danger of HIV transmission, shockingly seem safe and never capitulate to disease. This one of kind cases features the way that vulnerability to HIV contamination furthermore, the movement to illness are unpredictable attributes balanced by ecological and hereditary components. On-going proof has demonstrated that normal varieties in host qualities can impact the result of HIV contamination and its transmission. Thigpen et al., (2012) additionally recommend that rearranging the framework is fundamental to progress. What’s more, normal and secure supplies of medications to the offices, great adherence with treatment by patients and consistency with a follow-up to bring down the opportunity to create obstruction are needed. Additionally, Thompson, et al., (2012) found that treating extensive quantities of patients at low adherence is far less successful than treating fewer numbers with high adherence. Additionally, non-adherence was observed to be related to ineffectual quick scale-up and poor recommending practices.
Factors Contributing to HIV
The WHO produced numbers of health policies for the HIV infection for example, capitalizing on latest progress made in access to the treatment process, decreasing the overall cost of second-line regimens, ensure the time access to care, increasing collaboration between TB and HIV, and END HIV strategy (Van Damme, et al., 2012). The task shifting is another health strategy that can scale up the problem for HIV or AIDS and it has the ability to increase the specialization of health workers. There are many environmental factors that can influence the HIV disease, for example, tobacco, alcohol, the age of human, behaviour and nature of an individual, organizational system and other physical factors. The AIDS is defined as a pathologic syndrome which occurs due to the HIV infection and for the prevention of AIDS the scientific knowledge is needed. The public health sectors play a key role in the protection of body system by HIV but for the local programmatic level, a large number of efforts are required.
The ART process is a very best step for the prevalence of HIV and AIDS and it is identified by the WHO around 5.6% people safe their health by using this therapy. In the year 2012, the incidence of HIV was 0.5% that reduced the overall caused of HIV and decreases the virus from the patient body. Women aged between 35 and 39 years are undiagnosed but ladies aged above 20 years were diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. There are main three countries where HIV disease is growing very fast such as Africa, United State and Australia. During 2013 the WHO and other health care system has been included in the survey on HIV and they provided their views on this topic with relevant information. These surveys analysed that the problem of HIV has been reduced in the adults from 6.2% to 7% and data from this research provide the complete information about HIV health disorder (World Health Organization 2016).
HIV is a very serious problem worldwide and most of the people in Australia are living with the HIV and AIDS disease. This essay is completely based on the HIV infection and described health policies to reduce the rate of HIV in Australia. The world health organization developed many healthcare systems and strategies for the prevalence of HIV which are described in this essay. With the help of this essay, people can expand their knowledge and they can easily find the cause of HIV. If any person takes complete treatment and should follow proper exercise plan then he can reduce HIV and another health disease by 90%. It is estimated that the HIV virus can impact on the immune system and it also increase the issue of AIDS. To analysis, the role of agents and environmental factors researcher conducted a literature review and data is collected from the journal articles. Therefore, people ensure that they eat only healthy foods and take complete treatment if they have any sign to a symptom of HIV.
Policy Response to HIV
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