Research Problem
Discuss about the Cryptographic Technique using Biometric Authentication.
With the use of cryptography various transaction are done to make the information secure through the internet. The process of encryption is used to encrypt the plain text into cipher text. At the receiver’s end, the sender will send the encrypted text with the information or the key. The receiver then decrypts the encrypted key by using the information or the key. This paper contains the concept of cryptography where different algorithm exists for encryption or decryption. Thus, with the use of encryption algorithm, the plain text would be encrypted and a text of information would be achieved. The fingerprint image of the sender’s would be the key information. At the receiver’s end the encrypted text with the key will be receive and get the information from the key with the use of senders Database fingerprint images. The receiver would then match the fingerprint geometry of the sender’s with the key. If both the key matches, then it is easier to derive the information from the key. In the next step, the encrypted text would be decrypted through the information that has been achieve. Thus, the whole process of cryptography is through a binary conversion that means both the encryption and decryption process uses the binary form for conversion. Cryptographic technique is applicable to all data transmission for binary conversion. The binary conversion is applied on image, text, multimedia data and lot more that are converted to binary form. In the cryptographic technique, with the key generation, the recent fingerprint geometry of the senders would be combined with the information. Moreover, the sender’s Database fingerprint geometry which is the collection of fingerprint image of the sender’s available at the receiver’s side that helps in deriving the key information. The research paper concentrate on the performance enhancement of the cryptographic technique using biometric authentication that has develop a key protocol using the ECC and design the robust watermark with embedded and extraction algorithm to achieve a secure communication and better authentication. The problem definition will be highlighted and adopt a methodology for the problem.
The use of cryptographic technique in the biometric authentication need some improvement in the performance that has been undertaken in the research problem for data transaction with biometric authentication and secure communication. There are various protocols for development of authentication that enhance the performance of the technique used such as symmetric and public key cryptography. Digital watermarking and cryptography both mechanism are used traditionally to authenticate the genuine user and secure their information.
Literature Review
The traditional cryptographic technique uses more than one key and convert the plain text to the cipher text at the sender end. In reverse, at the receivers’ end, the plain text will retrieve back through the use of decryption key. The conversion is infeasible in the absence of correct decryption keys when both the cost and time is considered. Thus, when the intruder obtains the cipher text, it would not be able to extract any useful information from the text as it is secure. The biggest drawback of the scheme of information secure, which is a traditional cryptography, is the illegal way of sharing the key between the sender and the receiver. This is the key problem of distribution. The above problem can be rectified by deriving the cryptographic keys with the use of biometric features. Through a genuine user the keys have been introduce with the use of biometric features. It increases the security of information and decrease the possible illegal utilization.
The research problem is for the improvement of performance of cryptographic technology using the biometric technique. This can be achieved by
Integrating conventional biometrics and cryptography that is design to have a strong authentication mechanism.
Combining digital watermarking technique with cryptography is design to have a secure communication
Based on the recent research on cryptographic technique, the author has derived a string from the typing pattern of the user’s and has combined the password forming a hard password. Each feature of the key-stroke is discretised in a single bit. The bits are then concatenated that has formed by a short string. In one of the paper of the author, a reliable implementation has proposed based on the voice of biometrics with the use of discretization methodology. The report contains an improvement in the performance. The biometric key entropy increase from 12 bits to 46 bits and false rejection rate falls from 48.4 % to 20 %.
Another author had use handwritten signatures to define the features of forty-three signature that was extracted from some dynamic information like the pressure, velocity, azimuth, and altitude. Each feature has been quantizing to a bit by using a feature coding that has concatenated to binary string. The 40-bit key entropy was achieved with a rejection rate of 28%.
In the criminal cases, fingerprints are among the reliable biometrics. The author has reported fingerprint as the biometric-key system and the technology was first commercialize into a product called as Bioscrypt. From the fingerprint image the phase information is extracted using Fourier transform and majority coding is applied that reduces the feature of variation.
The use of biometric data in accessing the individual devices increases the limitations of using the password based mechanism. Biometric data can be stolen and use in malicious ways. With experience and history, it is clear that extensive use of something can be monetized and misuse by the criminals.
Numerous efforts were made in the past few years for a number of research in integrating the biometric authentication into the cryptography technique. In one of the research, the author proposed a key binding algorithm in the system matching an optical correlation-based fingerprint matching system. In this algorithm, a cryptographic key is bind with the users’ fingerprint images during the enrollment. The key could be retrieve only when the authentication is successful. From the literature review, the encryption and watermarking techniques can be achieved. In the encryption technique, security is not provided for the decrypted data. While in watermarking technique, information is embedded into the host data in order to achieve security for the decrypted data. The main problem with the watermarking technique is the tracking mechanism that can identify the biometric data. Therefore, with the use of hybrid methodology, both the watermarking and encryption techniques have the advantage of designing a secure and better authentication system. Biometric need to be coupled to a system that provide an identity. Such systems are vulnerable to traditional security threats and new ones. For a biometric vendor it is impossible or infeasible to claim and recreate the enrolled image. The reason for this is because of the record feature of the templates such as minutiae that are not an image proprietary. With the use of small portion of the image template are calculated. The image appears much bigger than the template. The storage format of biometric has a proprietary nature that makes infeasible to hack the template.
Davida proposed an iris biometric algorithm that has a binary representation for the texture of iris Code having a length of 2048 bits. The Hamming distance is compute by the biometric matcher between the database template and the input that represents and compare the threshold in order to identify whether the samples of biometric is of the same person or not. Is has been assume by the author that IrisCode can have 10% of different sample of iris from 2048 bits and also it differs of 45 % of 2048 bits. According to Lifang Wu, developing a cryptographic technology using biometric authentication is also based on face biometrics. At the encryption 128-bit binary vector was achieved through threshold. From the face image the author has initially obtained the 128-dmensional for the feature of Principle Component Analysis. With the use of Reed-Solomon algorithm, error correction code is produced. Monrose had proposed a method that has made the password more secure with the combination of keystroke biometric password. The inspiration came from the password ‘salting’ concept where user password is salted and prepending with 8-bit number that is random. Thus, it resulted in Harding the password. The week point of this technique is that it could handle only 15 bits password entropy to make them more secure. Integrating biometric authentication in cryptographic technique is the potential solution to overcome little changes between different acquirement that have generated a reliable key. A technique has been developed by Sashank Singhvi that has exploits features dependent on entropy with the process of extraction, integrating with error correcting code of Reed Solomon. Monrose on the other hand, made some modifications of the original scheme that were applied to biometric voice. Through this, the cryptography keys are generated eventually till 60 bits, which is anyhow was higher than the 15 bits that were achieve in their work earlier. Tuyls had assume a noise-free template for a biometric identifier for the purpose of enrollment of the secret and generate the helper data.
A survey being conducted on the research of cryptographic technique which is the symmetric and asymmetric cryptography and their associated problem. During the survey it was found that the popularity of the ECC system is increasing to secure the data and communication with the use of PKC. The public key cryptography implements the key size of ECC to devices like smart cards and RFID. When cryptographic algorithm is incorporated with biometric technologies it strengthens the performance. Thus, with the use of ECC parameters through fingerprint, a new agreement protocol is designed that can robust the session key agreement protocol and iris the purpose of authentication. With the use of MATLAB R2019B version, experimental research was carried out to simulate the protocol for the same reason. When the protocol was run a thorough analysis were made with the use of sample database that contain 750 each images of iris and fingerprint. The age group of 20-50 of both male and female whose fingerprints are collected and from MMU1 and MMU2 of public database, the iris images are collected. All those results are projected in the table form as shown in figure 1.
Certain challenges have come across with the Biometric Encryption. If considered technologically, Biometric Encryption is more difficult compare to standard biometric. The scheme of Biometric mostly work in ‘blind, mode. There is consequent section to advance Biometric Encryption for a prototype making and testing. Generally, a standard biometric is chosen for low variability, high entropy, alignment and acceptance of the public. At present, the foremost encryption of biometric is the iris then comes the fingerprints and face. It has become important to improve the image acquisition method. Against the attacks biometric encryption has created resilient. It is better to improve the Biometric Encryption algorithm for the overall security and accuracy of Biometric algorithms. Development with standard biometrics that has advances within the algorithm and applied ECC to Biometric Encryption.
Figure 1: Comparative study
Source: (Malgey & Chauhan, 2018)
The table describe the comparative study of security issues that are seen in cloud computing.
Figure 2: Generic Cryptographic block diagram
Source: (Pal & Paul, 2018)
In this figure 2 the cryptographic technique is being use to decrypt the data from cipher text to plain text. Cipher is a combination of algorithm that perform the process of encryption and decryption. The operation of the cipher is control by each algorithm and key. The secret message context is solely exchange with the communicants only.
Figure 3: Types of Cryptography
Source: (Pal & Paul, 2018)
The figure 3 shows three general styles of cryptographic schemes namely Symmetric or secret key cryptography, asymmetric or public-key cryptography. At the initial stage, the unencrypted plain text is encrypted to cipher text and in reverse can again decrypt to plain text. In the secret key cryptography, each encryption and decryption use one key and in public key cryptography two keys are used. The content or length of each plain text is impossible to recover by the use of fixed-length through the hash function. The cryptographic scheme is optimized for specific application. Hash function guarantee integrity of information which result in modification of the message content created that calculate the special hash worth. Secret key cryptography is used for encrypting messages. A session key is generated by the sender to encrypt the message, similarly on the receiver end the same session key would be used to decrypt the message. For public-key cryptography, key exchange is the key application.
The problem that has been identified in the research paper have some limitations to the existing solution.
- The biometric key and data has no relationship
- At the receiver end, a continuous 32-minute point is selected from the fingerprint for authentication.
- Inefficient Biometric features to key mapping
- The users’ biometric data gets leaks when code for correcting error is stored in the database.
To all these limitation, a simple and efficient methodology will be developing that derive the cryptographic parameters with the use of biometric. For a strong authentication purpose, a robust key sharing methodology is design.
Secondly, it is mandatory to have a secure communication for the critical applications such as the border crossing security, access control. There are inherent advantages for the Biometric techniques over the security problem and biometric data integrity and conventional identification techniques that is significant for the purpose of authentication. Thus, it become a necessity that strengthen the authentication and provide a secure communication. To withstand the attacks, a simple and robust mechanism has been design to impose attacks. During the time of authentication, biometric modalities are transferred through insecure channel.
In order to secure the system of communication it is important to understand the constrain environment. With the algorithmic approach, a new frequency domain and robust spatial algorithm need to be develop that can protect the templates of biometric. The concept of digital watermarking is proposed to protect and stimulate the templates of biometric with the use of MATLAB R2010b version. The biometric authentication system performance need to be validated by analyzing the image quality metric and carry out the biometric. Hence, with the performance analysis the proposed design is implemented with the existing techniques.
Conclusion
Thus, from the report of the project it could be concluded that the technology of cryptography uses biometric authentication for security and issues that relates the biometric encryption. The proposed design has a fundamental mechanism for identification and authentication needs to be selected in the cryptographic technique.
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