Development And Prevention Of AIDS Among People Worldwide

Objectives of the research

Over the last few years there has been a drastic change in the entire landscape of people being diagnosed with HIV and dying due to AIDS. The idea of human immunodeficiency virus infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a significance spectrum where conditions are caused by different infections with the human deficiency virus which is also considered to be a retrovirus. In 2020 over 37 million people across the world were living with HIV and over 680000 deaths occurred during that year (Yoshimura 2017). The significant increase in AIDS and HIV have increased over the years due to several reasons. during 1981 the United States centres for disease control and prevention published a significant report straightening a rare lung infection which is known as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among 5 homosexual men who were located in Los Angeles (Bekker et al. 2018). Simultaneously this function caused exposure of different factors which were affecting individuals for opportunistic infections.

The significant research aim of the current study is to identify and analyze the development and prevention criteria of AIDS among people worldwide.

The significant objectives of the particular research are stated below:

• To understand the way of development of AIDS
• To analyze different ways by which AIDS can be prevented
• To suggest possible methods through which people can easily avoid the transmission of HIV. 

The particular Research question can be stated to be as following:

How can AIDS be developed as well as preventive in certain ways?

The particular research rationale in the study is selected to be based on the grave concern about the population and the human will be. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is becoming deadlier than cancer because it has no significant cure till date. The only precaution which can be taken into consideration is focused on self hygiene and being safe while having sexual intercourse. Treating and preventing HIV is an imaginary concept because there have no proven scientific actions which can be stated as a prevention process for HIV. In the case of preventing HIV or AIDS people need to be secured at all circumstances by themselves. As there is no vaccine yet developed, the progress of the disease can be slowed by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). An appropriate study like this will be able to help people in stating the rapid initiation of the therapy so that the progression of the disease can be slowed down to some extent. This research will be beneficial for the entire human species in the future regarding the opportunistic prevention methods and the idea of how the disease is developed.

In this particular chapter of literature review the researcher will identify significant dependent and independent variables and it will be discussed in detail. As a result the researcher is able to develop the people’s understanding of the entire concept of prevention and development of AIDS and HIV among different age groups of people across the globe. The researcher has referred to significant theories which are directly related to the development of AIDS in HIV (Joe & Foster, 2017). Considering the increasing rate of infected and AIDS based deaths the health and Care sector is ensuring that most of the care and prevention strategies are provided to the patient and people who are not infected as a precautionary step. The information will be based on preventing AIDS and educating them about how HIV is developed among human beings. Transmission of HIV needs to be avoided at any cost which is identified in detail throughout the particular chapter.

Research rationale

According to the concept of development of a citizen identified the Acura statistics at the United Nations agency has reported on AIDS is providing that in January 2001 the total prevalence of 25.3 million people that were infected by HIV positive in sub–Saharan Africa (Witteman et al., 2021). The estimation shows that almost 80% of the people of Saharan Africa are infected by the HIV+. Although the first recognised case of a pocket in 1981 in the United States of America. During 1983 the virus which is known as the common this letter of AIDS word identify does it was internationally accepted in the name of human immunodeficiency virus. The development of AIDS started to take place rapidly all over the world as the serious clinical manifestations could not prevent the long-term impact on the human body (Karim, Baxter & Birx, 2017). 

It was eventually identified that the diseases diagnosed as Candidiasis had trachea bronchi and oesophagus as the cryptosis directly implemented the extrapulmonary organ. Over time and years, the definition of age has changed continuously due to the increasing appreciation of clinical manifestation of the infection (Besednova et al., 2019). The indicator continuously provided diagnosis where the presence of other causes was seen among several patients. It has been clinically proven and tested that without any treatment with HIV medicines infection created by HIV advances in stages and it gets worse with time. The three major stages of the HIV infection are, acute HIV infection, chronic HIV infection, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Zhang et al., 2020). Certainly, the development is not slowing down but at the same time there is no significant cure for HIV but the HIV medicine which is called HAART can slow or prevent HIV from advancing from one stage to another. HIV medicines help people to live longer and healthy lives who have been infected by this virus. With different stages and advancements over the years HIV has progressed a lot and the advancement is now taking place in a human body rapidly without any delay. The three stages are directly providing the idea of danger and infection (Cordeiro et al., 2017).

The infection HIV can be detected through a particular taste which is called ELISA and it stands for “enzyme linked immunosorbent assay”. It has been confirmed by several authors that AIDS is incurable but so far HIV prevention is the widest option because prevention is better than cure. HIV can be prevented by using disposable needles, practicings sex while using protection, such as condoms, and regular check-ups of health, and blood transfusion or pregnancy (Fujimoto et al., 2020). Anybody can get infected by HIV but it is always important to protect one cell from getting infected by HIV. Prevention is a big word which is somewhat relevant to the particular disease of HIV or AIDS because there is still no clinically proven cure for these diseases. However, prevention can start from slowing the entire advancement of the disease in the human body through HIV medicines (Cilento, Kirby & Sarafianos, 2021).

Review of literature

There are several ways in which protecting oneself might help to avoid getting infected by HIV. It is important for the people to know how the virus is spread and passed on among people. Some of the common ways of getting infected with HIV is during sex with a person who is already infected with HIV, sharing contaminated needle or taking illicit drug used through such contaminated needle may cause HIV positive, it is possible for any pregnant mother to transmit HIV to their child during pregnancy breastfeeding a labour who is already infected with HIV and most importantly through contaminated blood transfusion process (Scheim & Travers, 2017). These particular and common ways of getting HIV infected can be avoided if certain steps and precautions can be taken such as using condom reduces risk of sexually transmitted disease (STI). The transmission of the disease can be prevented if theoretically and empirically the latex condoms are used by male and female both during intercourse. Depending on the differences of the infections and disease transliteration it can be said that the genital fluids might cause infections and it will also impact the skin to skin contact if not covered with condom (Yuan et al., 2020).

HIV is currently isolated within cervical secretion Semen, lymphocytes, cerebrospinal fluid, cell free plasma, urine, saliva, breast milk and tears. All of these common isolation places do not refer to these fluids as transmitting mechanisms which are spreading the infection as a concentration of the virus is based on various considerations (Xiao, Guo & Chen, 2019). The infection is mainly transmitted through blood, Semen and survical secretions transmission of the HIV virus. If anyone is injecting themselves with contaminated needles such as for therapeutic procedures or for drug use purposes then the transmission may occur and the virus is directly transmitted to the person directly. These transmissions can be avoided with appropriate precautions and protections for individuals (Melhuish & Lewthwaite, 2018). 

In case of avoiding such transmission of HIV virus it is important to get tested because there are people who are leaving their daily life by taking HIV medicines which has been prescribe so that that can keep the underactable viral load stay at bay with no risk of sexual transmission for HIV negative partners. The prevention can be done through choosing less risky sexual behaviours (Brown et al., 2018). People need to have intercourse after having significant protection from medicines or condoms so that the risk is minimized with utmost care. The pre-exposure prophylaxis is a significant daily medicine which will reduce the chance of getting HIV. Taking PEP within 72 hours of having a possible HIV exposure will help in preventing the transmission of HIV. If any individual is prescribed this particular medicine, then they need to take it daily for almost a period of 28 days (Taquette & Souza, 2019).

Consideration of HIV medication significantly will have a better result of preventing HIV transmission. Even if not avoidance then appropriate precautions and medications are required if any individual is at risk of being infected with HIV. The current and past situations are continuously changing with technological advancement. Any cure or permanent solution for AIDS and HIV is yet to be developed (Sugiarto, Hanafi & Berliana, 2019). The significance and importance of HIV positive is based on keeping an individual healthy and keeping the other people healthy as well. HIV does not only refer to the person who has been infected but the people who are in contact with the infected person.

Dependent and independent variables

From the entire section, it can be confirmed that the HIV infection has the capacity of completely ruining somebody’s life if they are not careful enough to take care of themselves and their families and friends. Throughout the entire section the development of AIDS prevention of AIDS and avoiding the transmission of HIV has been identified (Remien et al., 2019). The previous research has also indicated the need to entirely avoid the transmission of HIV among people so that risk can be minimized to some extent. As there is no significant cure for HIV and AIDS due to which the consideration of being protected and secured is the key to avoid the transmission of HIV. There are significant ways in which HIV medications and using safety while intercourse or going through prescribed PEP my health in reducing the risk of being HIV positive (Myers et al., 2018). Therefore, it can be said that HIV AIDS does not have any cure and it can only be awarded with atmospheric protection and care on the self-behalf.

In this particular chapter of research methodology, the researcher will shed light on different types of methodological techniques and tools which have been used for carrying out the entire research purpose. In addition to the mythological tools the researcher is also justifying the selection of the significant techniques which are being used by the researcher for this particular research. Moreover, the researcher is also concerned about the research limitations which have been faced while completing the entire research work (Sannathimmappa & Nambiar, 2019).

There are three major types of research designs which are used in order to carry out an entire research process such as the explanatory Research design, exploratory Research design, and descriptive Research design. In this particular case the researcher is planning on implementing the descriptive design (Goyal, Baskonus & Prakash, 2020). The idea of descriptive Research design is certainly justified as it allows a researcher to identify the significant development process of AIDS and HIV and provide the appropriate prevention techniques to mitigate the risk of getting infected by the disease. In addition to that the researcher will also explain the various ways in which the affected people can prevent or people who are not yet infected can prevent from getting infected by the disease (Gao, Günerhan & Baskonus, 2020).

In this particular research study, the two distinctive methods of data collection are being used which are primary and secondary data collection methods. The primary data will be collected from different doctors and nurses who are currently working or retired from the help care system. As a result, the recent and raw data will be represented in new medical and graphical processes. On the other hand, secondary data will be collected through different journals and articles which were previously researched on the basis of availability on the internet.

There are different sampling techniques which are considered for research purposes such as systematic sampling, cluster sampling, non-probability sampling and probability sampling techniques. In this particular case the researcher will be identifying the random probability sampling techniques which will be used for the quantitative analysis. On the other hand, the quantitative analysis will undertake 5 to 10 existing research work and journals, articles on the significant topic of this particular study. The quantitative analysis will be done through interviews and service whereas the qualitative analysis will be done through appropriate thematic approach (Iqbal et al., 2020).

Prevention of AIDS

There are two significant types of data analysis techniques such as a qualitative and quantitative data analysis process which can be commaze within any research work. In this particular case researchers are focusing on both quantitative data analysis techniques and qualitative data analysis techniques. The quantitative data analysis is mostly appropriate because it utilizes raw data from which the researcher will be allowed to collect the data from the different doctors and nurses from the health care sector (Belle & Gamedze, 2019). As a result, the researcher will also be able to determine the opinions of the doctors and nurses regarding their consideration and explanation of how AIDS or HIV is developed and in which ways they can prevent themselves from getting infected. In order to analyze the quantitative data, the researcher will be using Google form as the analytical tool to present different graphical representations.

On the other hand, the secondary research method or data analysis technique will be conducted through the qualitative data analysis method by considering the thematic approach. The thematic approach will be conducted on the basis of codes and themes which will be identified from different journals and articles which are already existing on the internet. The previous research work on the particular topic will help in evaluating that analysis of the matter in hand.

While conducting the inter research work the researcher has faced significant issues related to the data collection methods which has directly impacted the quality of the work. Here the research is conducted on a particular industry which is the health care sector as the topic is concentrating on development and prevention of AIDS worldwide. The work is using secondary resources as well as primary resources. It is only using close ended questions so that the respondents are able to provide their precious time to take the survey (Khan & Odinsyah, 2020). The respondents are sharing their views and perspective through limited options only. Does the entire answer and its options are restricted for the respondents in sharing their opinions and viewpoints? the satisfaction about providing their own responses might not be as flexible as expected.

This chapter consists of different types of charts and graphs which are analyzed and evaluated from the collected data. The data in this particular case is collected from a survey where it will be analyzed on the basis of descriptive analysis. The researcher has been able to determine both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques through the primary and secondary data collection process. This particular chapter will consist of the determination of development and prevention of AIDS and HIV among people across the globe. The qualitative data analysis will be focused on the thematic approach in this particular segment through different theme selection.

Figure 1: Demographics of Participants

(Source: Self-created by the author)

From the analysis it has been identified that most of the participants are nurse practitioners and Home and Health Aides. The majority of them are 20-30 years old. This is showing the experience they have within the field that is a greater contribution for the researcher in this research study. 

Stages of HIV infection

Figure 2: AIDS and Experience

(Source: Self-created by the author)

According to the above chart it can be seen that most of the participants have a significant experience of 10-20 years within the healthcare system. This is implementing that their insights are valuable based on their experience. According to the participants, most of them have stated that AIDS may have a significant role in ruining an individual’s life if the person is HIV or AIDS infected. This initiates that the concern of preventing AIDS is bigger than any other.

Figure 3: Development and Prevention of AIDS

(Source: Self-created by the author)

According to the nurse practitioners and doctors, the major and primary source of AIDS development is considered to be contaminated needle usage. In the modern era people are extremely careful about their session of practicing intercourse as they have control over it but the contaminated needle usage might be uncontrollable for them and that causes spreading of HIV. The significant criteria and ways of preventing AIDS is focused on Frequent HIV tests as other options might be effective but the primary requirement for every individual is to confirm and check whether they are HIV positive or not. This is engaging in a safer and more protected life for people.

Figure 4: Transmission of AIDS

(Source: Self-created by the author)

The idea of avoiding transmission of HIV is considered in this questionnaire so that the doctors and the nurse practitioners are able to suggest ways in which the risk of getting infected with HIV can be minimized to some extent. Most of the participants have voted for the option of avoiding drug usage. In the modern era, most teenagers are easily addicted to drugs, mostly in Africa and the United States. This is causing the increased risk of getting infected with HIV or transmitting HIV among one another (Blanche, 2020). The drug usage involves the use of contaminated needles which are neither sterilized nor taken out as a fresh batch of needle. This is increasing the risk of transmitting HIV which needs to be changed at any cost. The idea of spreading awareness about AIDS and HIV is important by considering the risk of teenage drug usage. 

Codes	Themes
·         Development ·         AIDS ·         HIV ·         Virus	Different ways through which AIDS can be developed
·         Prevention ·         Clinical ·         Medication ·         Protection	Different way in which AIDS can be prevented
·         Avoidance ·         Transmission  ·         HIV ·         PreP	Different ways transmission of HIV can be avoided

The development of AIDS has several ways through which the continuous increase in the cases are taking place worldwide. The drastic increase in the affected people has been diagnosed with HIV as well as dying from AIDS. The continuous infections are becoming incredible as there is no certain level of AIDS or HIV. The main reason behind the development of AIDS or this virus is not casual or social contact but through needle stick injuries, skin exposure, blood fluid transfusion or body fluid transfusion (Zaka Ullah & Baleanu, 2021). The healthy system is continuously working to develop a significant cure for the disease but the scientist is successful in establishing the particular vaccination or curable medicine. There are a huge number of people worldwide who are continuously fighting with HIV infection.

The idea of preventing AIDS can be difficult to monitor because with the increasing level of infections HIV is spreading and advancing throughout its stages. Even if there is no appropriate cure for HIV or a there is still a wiser option of preventing age or HIV from occurring. Some of the significant ways in which HIV can be prevented are protected msecured sex disposable needles careful blood transfusions and regular health checkups (Kassa, 2018). These are the sum of the common and primary steps which can be taken in order to prevent AIDS from occurring. Apart from that the HIV medicines are equally protective these days because these medicines are helping in primary slowing the advancement rate of the HIV virus.

The importance of avoiding the transmission of HIV is simultaneously increasing. With the people getting infected continuously with HIV entime from AIDS, some transmitting HIV has become one of the greatest concerns due to which there are each IP medicines which are being established and developed continuously and improved according to the requirements and advancement of the virus power (Odinsyah & Alfiniyah, 2020). The prevention of transmission of HIV can be done through avoiding less risky sexual behaviours or people who are having sexual intercourse need to be more protective about themselves and their partners through using condoms and avoiding oral and anal sex. The pre-exposure prophylaxis is another medicine which will help in reducing the chance of getting infected by HIV. With appropriate medical expertise and a considerable amount of medicines it is possible to avoid the risk of transmitting HIV as technological advancement is still finding a permanent cure for HIV and AIDS (Ragonnet-Cronin et al., 2019).

From the entire data analysis it can be identified that h i p exposure is one of the most grave concerns in today’s world because the continuous increase in infected people numbers are directly impacting the well being of human beings. According to the quantitative and qualitative data analysis, it can be identified that the development of HIV and AIDS can be occurring through different sources but the self protection and precautionary steps are playing the greatest role which are directly influencing a better option for preventing AIDS at the early stage. The simultaneous changes within the contextual forum are directly based on the doctors and nurses and their practical advice regarding the prevention and avoidance of transmitting AIDS. According to the doctor and nurse practitioners, the spreading and awareness of HIV disease is facing crucial issues because the usage of drugs has increased over the time which directly impacts the wellbeing of humankind to a great extent.

In this particular chapter the entire results conducted and evaluated from the data analysis process will be discussed. The researcher in addition is discussing the practical prevention and development criteria of AIDS in the modern era. The researcher has conducted the quantitative and quantitative analysis process with the help of thematic so that practical and recent opinion can be gathered along with previous research study. The current study will be able to evaluate the possible options where the significance of AIDS and HIV diseases will be directly correlated with its prevention criteria. The chapter of discussion in tally focuses on discussing the results in detail by considering all the relevant evidences and raw evidences which are collected by the research

According to the entire data analysis process it can be identified that most of the doctors and nurses directly participating in advising the appropriate option for preventing AIDS in the modern era. Here the entries study and its primary and secondary data analytical process is considering the three major objectives which are the development of AIDS prevention of AIDS and avoiding the transmission of HIV virus. From the results it can be identified that it has become a greater threat than even cancer because there is no successful cure for this particular disease in the long term. There are HIV medicines which might help in slowing the entire advancement process of the virus through the three major stages but in the long term there is no cure for this particular disease small proportion may have been impacted and infected by these particular disease where the immediate risk groups and homosexual men, drug users and parents. It can be refrained from saying that it has become the current epidemic which is impacting many countries to a great extinction but initially the researchers referred to the syndrome as a related immune deficiency. simultaneously the virus’s symptoms started to become generic and it could be infecting anybody who are coming into direct physical contact with a person who is already positive. Using safe intercourse with appropriate protection and safe blood transfusion might help in preventing the risk of getting affected by AIDS but the HIV medicine and HIV tests frequently might also help the same.

Preventing AIDS and avoiding the transmission of HIV is one of the greatest concerns of the doctors as there is no significant cure to the particular disease. Most of the doctors and nurses are preparing to evaluate options through which they will be able to conduct safer research criteria for the patients who have already been infected by AIDS or HIV.

From the entire discussion it can be identified that getting infected with HIV might not be common but the prevention and avoiding transmission of HIV needs to be one of the most important concerns of every human being. Here the discussion can be provided in favor of the doctors and nurses who are working day and night to establish and develop the best possible temporary cure for the disease. Throughout the chapter the doctors and nurses have identified their great concern for preventing AIDS through safe intercourse, protected blood transfusion and frequent HIV tests might help in preventing aids in the long term.

Conclusion

In this chapter it can be concluded that each can be developed from different sources which are uncontrollable but the prevention of AIDS and avoiding transmission of HIV can be controlled and it can also be selectively done by individuals. The individuals need to have a safe and hygienic life in order to maintain their health based well being. The main issue of getting infected for any other reason than being safe for the individual self. The doctors and the nurses are providing their insights and opinions that it might not be entirely removed from the life of an individual but it can be prevented and slowed down from advance in a fast pace through HIV tests and medicines. They are equally helping for better opportunities for surviving AIDS. It is research that without any appropriate treatment people who are infected with AIDS typically survive less than 3 years. With significant choices to be made appropriate measures are required so that the prevention and awards along with awareness about the disease can be increased.

Objective 1: To understand the way of development of AIDS

The literature review has highlighted the concept of developing in the individual human body. The entire information is gathered in the particular section of 2.2 the first development of AIDS identified. Through unprotected sec, blood transfusion, usage of contaminated needles and organ donation are the primary reasons for which HIV or AIDS is caused. Throughout the study, the development of AIDS and its various reasons are properly justified.

Objective 2: To analyze different ways by which AIDS can be prevented

The literature review section has identified all the concepts of preventing AIDS and HIV on several bases. The particular section of 2.3 has identified ways in which AIDS or HIV can be prevented from infecting any individual. The major results and evidence are showing that having protected intercourse and usage of sterilized needles may help in preventing AIDS to a great extent. These are the primary ways in which AIDS can be prevented by taking the utmost measure of hygiene and safety.

Objective 3: To suggest possible methods through which people can easily avoid the transmission of HIV

The literature review and the data analysis segment has evaluated the concept of appropriate ways in which transmission of HIV is possible. Section 2.4 and the Data analysis section has referred to significant ways. The primary methods and ways are to have less risky sexual behaviour, reduced or no drug use at all, frequent HIV tests and having HIV and PreP medications in case of possible vulnerability to HIV. This objective is fulfilled with all the possible options of being safe and hygienic at all costs.

The future scope of this study is based on creating a wider range of sample size and conducting the research among patients and people who are infected with HIV or AIDS. The idea of surveying or interviewing such patients will help the future researchers in getting better and more detailed insights about the changes AIDS has brought to their life.

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