Patient Profile
Discuss about the Diabetes Management and Education for Cardiovascular Risk.
Mr. Smith is a 58 years old male with type-2 diabetes. In 2010 Mr. Smith was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, after when his general physician did his blood glucose test during one of his routine visits. His blood sugar level was 10mmol/L. T2DM exists in other family members of Smiths too like his mother and his sister. Mr. Smith’s physical exams also revealed the high levels of blood pressure and also has gained enormous amount of weight. Along with obesity (weight 113 kg. BMI 32) he is also a smoker. He has noted a marked decrement in the levels of his energy and strength. Current medications that Mr. Smith is on are, Atenolol, 50mg for hypertension and Metformin 500mg BD for blood glucose level (Sheehan, 2017).
Most recent blood results of Mr. Smith are HbA1c – 9% (75mmol/mol), Total cholesterol – 5.0mmol/L, Triglycerides – 2.5mmol/L, LDL – 2.5mmol/L, HDL – 1mmol/L, Albumin/keratinize micro albuminuria – 5mg/mmol. His most recent blood pressure was 140/90mmHg Mr. Smith’s all conditions like hyperglycemia, hypertension and the obesity has affected him in several ways. All these issues along with all the factors related to these issues like, medical, nursing health, allied health etcetera are discussed below.
Generally diabetes has been divided into different type of categories. In order to recognize the type of diabetes depends on the symptoms and the circumstances significant to the time of diagnosis. Sometimes, it becomes hard to decipher the type of diabetes in the patient. It is because they do not fit into any type of category completely. In this case during one of the routine check-ups, the patient complained of uncontrollable weight gain, excessive urination, numbness in hands and feet’s and increase in blood pressure (Diabetes Australia, 2015). He also complained about shortness of breath and getting fatigued easily. On the basis of all these symptoms, his general physician did some test. The test results showed elevated level of glucose, cholesterol and mainly indicated the presence of type2 diabetes. Few tests were done for instance blood test and blood glucose tests were done which measured the level of glucose in the blood of the patient. All these test results were shocking since they stated a very high level of blood glucose compared to normal level. Other tests were for measuring the level of blood pressure level and those results also showed a very increased level of blood pressure in patient American (Diabetes Association, 2015). Mr. Smith has gained a lot of weight in the past few years due to lack of exercise and healthy living. The hyperglycemia led to severe deficiency of insulin in the patient and due to this condition blood glucose level increased tremendously. Another medical risks that rose were, tingling in the feet while walking, blurred visions, numbness and fatigueless etcetera.
Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
On the basis of these results, Mr. Smith was prescribed little medicine in order to stabilize the condition and lower down the hyperglycemic condition for instance metformin 500mg, metformin is the only biguanide available right now in the market. To improve the glucose tolerance in Mr. Smith, metformin was suggested as the ant hyperglycemic agent for type 2 diabetes. It helps the patient by lowering the glucose absorption in the intestine and also decreasing the hepatic glucose production (Ley, Hamdy, Mohan and Hu, 2014). Metformin also helps with the obesity condition and to prevent cardiovascular complications. Other tests were to measure the level of cholestrol and triglycerides in the body fluid and those were also on the borderline. All these tests confirmed the presence of diabetes. Because of presence of diabetes in other members of the family, the doctor took it seriously and did the blood glucose test.
In context to the given topic, after reviewing a literature which is titled as “5 Important Tests for Type 2 Diabetes” many other tests that can be done to measure the level of glucose effectively, A1C which indicates the average blood glucose in past 2-3 months (Health, 2016). Fasting plasma glucose test was also done which indicated the blood sugar on empty stomach. For this test the patients are advised to not eat or drink anything but water for around 8 hours before the test. Another test was Oral glucose tolerance test to measure the blood glucose level before and after 2 hours of drinking a sweet drink. These tests are done to know the level of glucose inside the body accurately. These tests are so helpful in reducing the risk of diabetes by bewaring the individual (Bell, et al 2015). Other tests were for measuring the level of blood pressure level to confirm the hypertension in the patient. Mr. Smith has type 2 diabetes, in which body fails to meet the adequate amount of insulin. The insulin resistance gets developed in the body. It can be because of lack of production of the insulin hormone or when insulin fails to respond to the different cells of the body (Norris, Engelgau and Narayan, 2013). Insulin resistance can lead to lack of response by fat cells, muscles or liver cells towards the insulin even when there is a high amount of insulin present. Due to this condition free fatty acids are produced which a complete failure because of triglycerides is not getting converted into smaller components. Another failure can be seen in producing glycogen store in the liver and lack of energy in muscles. Eventually this scenario leads to rise in glucose level in the blood and since the glycogen levels are reduced it fails to fulfill the glucose requirement of the body. It is a heterogeneous condition and affects the function of beta cells. An incretion effect can be observed along with the deposition of islet associated amyloid peptide (IAPP) inside the islets and also around the islets. In the earlier stages of this type of diabetes, the secretion of insulin increases but as the time passes, the beta cells fails to do their specified function and therefore the amount of insulin secreted decreases (Norris, et al 2013). In type 2 diabetes, amount of circulating glucagon increases and lipid metabolism also starts to function abnormally. This disturbance in production and break down of fat might lead to cardiovascular diseases and risks along with the obesity issues.
Tests for Diabetes
For the treatment of type 2 diabetes, the patient was prescribed the metformin 500mg drug. It helps to lower down the blood glucose level in the body fluid by decreasing the production of glucose in the liver and also reducing its release. It is the first medication that is prescribed to the patient in the beginning phase and also to improve the insulin sensitivity in the body.
Metformin helps the body by controlling the blood sugar level and producing a better response than the insulin produced by the body itself.it also helps in lowering down the amount of sugar produced by the liver cells and lowering down the amount of glucose that is absorbed in the intestine (Nathan, 2006). Along with proper diet and exercise, metformin gives better result. Mr. Smith was prescribed the Metformin 500mg for their diabetes and Atenolol for hypertension. Atenolol is used to treat the high blood pressure and helps in preventing the cardiovascular risks like, heart attacks, strokes etcetera. It also helps to prevent the kidney problems. Atenolol works as a beta blocker and also helps in angina pectoris condition (Parsian and Dunning, 2009).
Exercise is very good to help with the diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. Some patients are also given the dosage of insulin when there is lack of insulin in the body and that too on a daily basis (Deakin, McShane, Cade and Williams, 2005). Mr. Smith the patient after meeting with the dieticians and diabetes educator, made some changes. Those changes include healthy diet and little exercise like walking. The patient’s family has helped him to get better and also help him with the exercises like, taking him outside to local shop and buying newspaper as an excuse for walking. His family makes sure that he eats healthy food like fruits and green vegetables instead of rice, pasta and bread which contains high amount of saturated fat in it. Healthy living is the most important thing to do in order to maintain the lifestyle and being healthy but Mr. Smith is not ready to accept this till now. He always finds some kind of excuses to procrastinate his meetings with the diabetes educators (Pal, 2013).
Except all the efforts put forward by his family, he still eats unhealthy food and is not ready to change his lifestyle saying that he is not unwell. But despite all these problems in the diabetes management, his family has been supportive this whole time and putting their efforts to manage the situation (Samuel, et al 2000). He also takes blood glucose test once in a week at home by himself.
Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Mr. Smith is still insisting on living an unhealthy life and not ready to five upon the bad eating habits. His daily routine visits to the diabetes educator have come to an end because of him always making excuses and procrastinating the meeting with the diabetes educator. After visiting a dietician, Mr. Smith got a diet chart and the dietician specially asked him to follow the diet in order to control his prevailing condition (Inzucchi, et al 2012). Despite of the whole healthy chart prepared by the dietician, Mr. Smith still eats the food which is highly dangerous for his health. His daily intake consists of food like bread, pasta, rice, and junk food which contains high amount of saturated fat instead of healthy things like fruits and green vegetables. Because of little tingling in his feet’s he sometimes even refuses to go for a walk and little exercise. Along with all these things he has developed a blurred vision. Even after all these serious conditions he is not ready to accept a healthy life style and change the preexisting unhealthy life style.
Diabetes is a serious condition and can lead to much type of severe cardiovascular diseases if not managed properly. With all the procrastinations and unhealthy living, Mr. Smith can be in serious danger. He needs to change his lifestyle. By controlling the blood sugar level, diabetes can be controlled (Grant, 2014). By eating healthy food and exercising daily it can be achieved, according to an article by “everyday health” titled as “How to Beat Type 2 Diabetes with Diet and Lifestyle Changes”. The main thing it focuses on is a healthy diet which contains eating fresh fruit and healthy vegetables. Whole grains are also very healthy to eat instead of eating junk food which is unhealthy. Non starchy vegetables like broccoli, green leafy vegetables are best which have lowest glycemic index (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, 2008). Food with high glycemic index is not at all healthy to eat and increases obesity like, bread, rice etcetera. Exercise on the other hand also manages the blood glucose level. According to a research loosing few pounds can actually help to manage the glucose level and also decrease them when produced unnecessarily.
“Diabetes Australia” came into existence in 1984. It is a national body in Australia to help all the people suffering from any kind of diabetes or at the borderline. Diabetes Australia mainly focuses on the reduction of diabetes and promotes healthy life style. By its hard work and commitment it has managed to do so. Diabetes work professionals, diabetes educators, researcher’s etcetera are also a part of this organization (Gæde, Lund-Andersen, Parving and Pedersen, 2008). All the healthcare providers in the community have only on goal that is minimizing the impact of diabetes in the whole country. Diabetes Australia provides all the sources and information related to diabetes and its cure to the whole community. They work to inform people about the serious impacts of diabetes and raise awareness about the disease. They also guide people to early detect the disease by recognizing the symptoms and therefore providing the better care to the people who really needs to be taken care of (Deakin, McShane, Cade and Williams, 2005). In order to fulfill its agenda the organization has many specialized members like, medical specialist, educationalist, and scientist’s etcetera. It has also formed few groups and community to add more and more people and aware them about the seriousness of the following condition. Australian Diabetes provides its support, assistance, information and products to around 1.1 million people in Australia who were diagnosed with diabetes.
Atenolol for Hypertension
References
Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, (2008) Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. New England journal of medicine, 358(24), pp.2545-2559.
American Diabetes Association, (2015) Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015 abridged for primary care providers. Clinical diabetes: a publication of the American Diabetes Association, 33(2), p.97.
Bell, K.J., Smart, C.E., Steil, G.M., Brand-Miller, J.C., King, B. and Wolpert, H.A. (2015) Impact of fat, protein, and glycemic index on postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes: implications for intensive diabetes management in the continuous glucose monitoring era. Diabetes Care, 38(6), pp.1008-1015.
Deakin, T., McShane, C.E., Cade, J.E. and Williams, R.D. (2005) Group based training for self-management strategies in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Australia, (2015) Investigating the link between type 2 diabetes and dementia Available from https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/news/15531?type=research [Accessed on 22nd July 2018]
Gæde, P., Lund-Andersen, H., Parving, H.H. and Pedersen, O. (2008) Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(6), pp.580-591.
Grant, R.W., Cagliero, E., Dubey, A.K., Gildesgame, C., Chueh, H.C., Barry, M.J., Singer, D.E., Nathan, D.M. and Meigs, J.B. (2014) Clinical inertia in the management of type 2 diabetes metabolic risk factors. Diabetic medicine, 21(2), pp.150-155.
Health, (2016) 5 Important Tests for Type 2 Diabetes Available from https://www.health.com/health/condition-article/0,,20188106,00.html [Accessed on 23rd July 2018]
Inzucchi, S.E., Bergenstal, R.M., Buse, J.B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., Peters, A.L., Tsapas, A., Wender, R. and Matthews, D.R. (2012) Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia, 55(6), pp.1577-1596.
Ley, S.H., Hamdy, O., Mohan, V. and Hu, F.B., (2014) Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. The Lancet, 383(9933), pp.1999-2007.
Nathan, D.M., Buse, J.B., Davidson, M.B., Heine, R.J., Holman, R.R., Sherwin, R. and Zinman, B. (2006) Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes care, 29(8), pp.1963-1972.
Norris, S.L., Engelgau, M.M. and Narayan, K.V. (2013) Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes care, 24(3), pp.561-587.
Pal, K. (2013) Computer?based diabetes self?management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of evidence-based medicine, 6(2), pp.119-120.
Parsian, N. and Dunning, T. (2009) Spirituality and Coping in Young Adults with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. European Diabetes Nursing, 6, 100-104.
Samuel-Hodge, C.D., Headen, S.W., Skelly, A.H., Ingram, A.F., Keyserling, T.C., Jackson, E.J., Ammerman, A.S. and Elasy, T.A. (2000) Influences on day-to-day self-management of type 2 diabetes among African-American women: spirituality, the multi-caregiver role, and other social context factors. Diabetes care, 23(7), pp.928-933.
Sheehan, J. (2017) How to Beat Type 2 Diabetes With Diet and Lifestyle Changes [online] Available from https://www.everydayhealth.com/type-2-diabetes/treatment/managing/ [Accessed on 23rd July 2018]
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