Digital Inclusion For Older Adults

Understanding the Phenomenon

The current study delves deep into the phenomenon of digital inclusion while considering the older adults. The older adults are not as familiar with the digital technologies as the younger generation. People belonging to this age group have a communication gap, as well as risk of missing out from the society. As per the statistics provided by World Economic Forum Global Future Council the number of individuals over 65 years old is more than 727 in 2020. By the end of 2050 the number is going to be 1.3 billion. Therefore, education among older people regarding digital technologies is essential (weforum.org, 2022). The current study sheds light on this particular gap and highlights the domains where older adults are facing the most number of problems

The world is becoming digitally independent and the number of internet users is increasing. Most of the applications are digital in therefore, the knowledge regarding digital education is necessary. The older adults are facing problems while trying to cope up with the modern world. Therefore, the importance of digital inclusion is coming undertake core considerations. The current study is conducting a reputable search process that helps in determining the cor3 areas of issues by focusing on the previously published resources. Apart from that, the study helps in understanding the end of the topic by exploring multiple databases. Based on a few sets of selected key words the mentioned study helps in determining the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Apart from that, the study delivers a detailed literature review for marking the literature gap.

What are the effective measures of digital inclusion techniques while considering the older adults?

Digital inclusion
Resistances for seniors using technology
Technology acceptance model
Digital literacy

A repeatable search process addresses a set of operations that are used for duplicating previously available methods. A repeatable search procedure in computing or information technology projects is a business procedure, schematic workflow, programming initiation, or resalable constitutes. By using the entire process the core areas where the older adults are lacking can be pointed out. In recent years the engagement of older adults in technological inclusion has been increased. Along with the incorporation of repeatable search processes the evaluator of technology acceptance models can be obtained easily.

The key stage of developing a repeatable search process is to understand the core requirement of the underlying topic. In this scenario, jobs associated with the new intakes and discoveries associated with the previously published articles support the core concepts of the computation method. Apart from that, the security measures that are required for maintaining a computation question at an executive level are also considered in the repeatable search process. As opined by Denton (2017), it helps in determining inclusion and exclusion criteria by selecting the reusable information data and aligning those with the current requirement. Steady and synthesis review of the project described in the mentioned research procedure is essential for narrowing the limitations, influencing future scopes as well as identifying the synthesized data that can be used for the betterment purpose. Randomized controlled trials are essential while contemplating the critical aspects of a repeatable search process.

Importance of Digital Education

Question	Keyword	Filter	No. of Articles	Notes
What contents have been published on the Technology acceptance model?	Technology acceptance model	None	91,284	Too many articles to be explored
What are the most significant Resistances for seniors using technology?	Resistances for seniors using technology	Year range: 2018 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	7	Based on this keyword the mentioned searches have been made when the year range and type of the article are selected
How to determine appropriate Technology acceptance models?	Technology acceptance model	Year range: 2018 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	5	The number of found elements is comparatively, however, the incorporation of a filter makes the work easy
What are the requirements for a digital inclusion method?	Digital inclusion	Year range: 2018 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	6	The combination of these keywords is not available within the selected year range.
What security updates are required for digital inclusion and implementing Technology acceptance model?	Digital Inclusion and Technology acceptance Model	Year range: 2018 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites	255	However, the discipline is not available on the mentioned topic
How to define the phenomenon of Digital literacy while; considering the older adults?	Digital literacy	Year range: 2018 to 2022 Open access only Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	6	The contents are relevant in terms of every required measure

Question	Keyword	Filter	No. of Articles	Notes
What contents have been published on the Technology acceptance model?	Technology acceptance model	None	198,193	Too Many journals while the filter is set to none
What are the most significant Resistances for seniors using technology?	Resistances for seniors using technology	Year range: 2018 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites	1,315	Still, a lot of journals to be explored
How to determine appropriate Technology acceptance models?	Technology acceptance models	2018 to 2021 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	480	The number of searches decreases while the filter is set to computer science only
What are the requirements for a digital inclusion method?	Digital Inclusion	2017 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	699	The number of journals decreases and with the incorporation of these keywords
What security updates are required for digital inclusion and implementing Technology acceptance model?	Technology acceptance model and digital inclusion	2017 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	69	A decent amount of journals are found for conducting a secondary analysis
How to define the phenomenon of Digital literacy of older adults?	Digital literacy	2017 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	106	Still, a heave to number to be analyzed individually

Question	Keyword	Filter	No. of Articles	Notes
What contents have been published on the Technology acceptance model?	Technology acceptance model	None	3,525	Too many journals on the same topic, having difficulty determining one particular article.
What are the most significant Resistances for seniors using technology?	Resistances for seniors using technology	Year range: 2018 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	10	Still a lot of journals on the same topic
How to determine appropriate Technology acceptance models?	Technology acceptance model	2017 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	25	Still, the number of searches is too high for concentrating on a single topic
What are the requirements for a digital inclusion method?	Digital inclusion	2017 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	4	Most relevant search conducted on the IEEE Xplore
What security updates are required for digital inclusion and implementing Technology acceptance model?	Technology acceptance model and digital inclusion	2018 to 2021 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	2
How to define the phenomenon of Digital literacy of older adults?	Digital literacy	2017 to 2022 Include: Peer-Reviewed journals Exclude: Newspapers, Book reviews, Blogs, Websites Discipline: Computer Science	14	These are accessible however, not specific to the topic, still decent amount of data can be retrieved from these elements

	Title of paper	Excluded Or, Included	Reason
1	Configuring the older non-user: between research, policy and practice of digital exclusion	Included	Older adults face a significant amount of issues while considering the incorporation of digital services. The journal analyzes the scientific conceptualizations, policies for older adults in internet use as well as characteristics of older users in Austria. While priority low priority in the basic level the gap is tending to be increased. Therefore, the exclusion criteria will be more and inclusion criteria will be less. The insight of the study is essential for conducting a repeatable research process.
2	A combined SEM-Neural Network approach.	Excluded	The elaborately discusses Wearable healthcare technology (WHT). Apart from that, Theory of Acceptance along with Use of Technology (UTAUT2) are the fundamentals of the scholarly article. The importance of digital inclusion is noteworthy however, the study deliberately deals with the healthcare industry as well as not mentioning the involvement of older adults.
3	Digital technologies for social inclusion of individuals with disabilities	Excluded	The paper has explored various types of information technology and communication (ICT) enabled applications as well as digital services that are suggest for facilitating social integration of people. However, the study does not focus on inclusion of older adults.
4	Investigating acceptance of telemedicine services through an extended technology acceptance model (TAM)	Excluded	The mentioned article provides a brief knowledge regarding the technology acceptance model. However, the article lacks sufficient data regarding the older adult use. Apart from that, the journal is a health care journal that does not clarify the core aspect of the literature review.
5	Technology adoption by older adults: findings from the PRISM trial	Included	The growing evidence of older adult’s engagement in the online dominos is increasing day by day. The change in PRISM trial is different every time and over every individual. The study provides a detailed regression analysis that is helpful in mitigating the gap that is holding the individuals from being technologically fluent. As well as the data have been collected from 150 older adults from different ethical backgrounds therefore, the results are showing the diversity factor as well that helps in conceptualizing the overall impact.
6	The wisdom of older technology (non) users. Communications of the ACM	Included	The study provides information about computing practices that are maintained by following the safety guidelines. Apart from that, the journal helps in understanding the concepts of password protection and password selection while considering the online involvement of the older-adults.
7	Old and afraid of new communication technologies? Re-conceptualizing and contesting the ‘age-based digital divide	Included	The rate of technophobia, digital illiteracy is significantly high in the age group of over 65 year old people. Apart from that, the study presents relevant evidence of research on the digital inclusion phenomenon that considers older adults.
8	What drives FinTech adoption? A multi-method evaluation using an adapted technology acceptance model	Excluded	The method study provides a detailed description of digital incorporation of newly enhanced digital methods. However, the domain of the research work is limited to a specific number of people that is not total required for conducting a repeatable process. However, the multi-method approaches used in the study helps in understanding the different perspectives.
9	Aging in the digital age: Conceptualizing technology adoption and digital inequalities.	Included	The mentioned article provides details regarding older adults, technology incorporation, digital inequalities, ICT as well as digital division. These Aspects are essential for conducting a repeatable search process as well as documenting a literature review. Along with the inclusion of the journal the researcher is more fluent in marking out the literature gap and provisioning suggestions for betterment.
10	Rethinking social relationships in old age: Digitalization and the social lives of older adults.	Included	While considering the phenomenon of digital practices as well as utilization, possessing security comes under the most significant consideration. The older adults are hesitating the most while considering the security concerns. Apart from that, a description of the most commonly used robust practices is also elaborated in the study. Therefore, the mentioned study provides sufficient data regarding the repeatable search technique that can increase the validity measure of a secondary analysis.
11	“These devices have not been made for older people’s needs”–Older adults’ perceptions of digital technologies in Finland and Ireland.	Included	The study provides a detailed description of the mentioned topic. Most of the data and illustration by the author is not essential for elaborating basic criteria of digital inclusion. Apart from that, the demographic region chosen in the mentioned research is a part of the UK, therefore, the significance of the mentioned research work is enhanced.
12	Inclusion of older adults in the research and design of digital technology	Included	Digital technologies are developed to make their lives easier. Hover The older adults are the least comfortable group among all the generation cohort. The study emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of older adults in the research segments. Apart from that, the study provides guidelines as well as evidence of existing literature on the similar topics that is essential for conducting a repeatable search process.
13	Technology to support aging in place: older adults’ perspectives	Included	The population of 65+ individuals in the US is increasing. The mentioned article focuses on the rising verge of Ambient/Active Assisted Living (AAL) robots, IoT devices, Artificial Intelligence (AI). The study highlights the core doable of older adults in the US that are essential for coming up with the modern era at a basic level. Facilitators incorporated an eagerness in order to learn, showing interest in co-design, as well as a wish to control personal data.
14	Digital Competences for Improving Digital Inclusion in E-Government Services: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review Protocol.	Included	For the older adults understanding the importance of e-governance is essential. The world is digitizing and accession of digital services is mandatory in various situations. Along with that, the article delivers a systematic review protocol that helps in understanding the needs.
15	Digital inclusion or digital divide for older immigrants? A scoping review.	Included	The discussed resource is an argumentative journal that is highlighting the contrast among sesame techniques in two indigenous groups of older people. The contents provided in the journal helps to understand the technological and digital gap that is resulting the adults irrespective of the nature of their citizenship.
16	Digital inclusion & health communication: a rapid review of literature.	Excluded	The Healthcare sector is now using electronic medical records as well as digital diagnosis techniques. The role of adults while trying to access the resources are deliberately explained in the mentioned article. However, the period journal is deliberately focused on healthcare records only.
17	ICT in education policy in Colombia: Between digital inclusion and social transformation-resilience methods.	Excluded	The study provides a set of very important information, however, the study is entirely based on Colombian individuals. Therefore, the journal is excluded.
18	Digital inclusion as a Core Component of social inclusion	Included	The process of including sensitive data is necessary for maintaining communication. This comes under the untold guidance of digital inclusion practices therefore, it is included.
19	Digital inclusion in later life: cohort changes in internet use over a ten-year period in England.	Included	In the modern era, almost everything is handled digitally therefore, while considering the computing practices and technology models, discussing involvement of older adults is essential. The mentioned article provides a decent amount of information regarding this topic and how older people are coping up with the mentioned segments. Most importantly the article is shedding light on the demographic situation of England.
20	Informal learning of older adults in using mobile devices: A review of the literature	Included	The mentored paper is literature review that has been developed on the basis of behavioral observation of the older adults. In this journal the most prominent issues are highlighted that are occurring as the biggest barrier in digital education.

? Included	14
? Excluded	6

The process of repeatable search is lengthy as the previously implemented research works are deliberately discussed. Apart from this, the research work is based on 20 different journals, from which 14 are included and 6 are excluded. Thereof, the research work is based on the secondary data available from these journals only. Therefore, the scope of improvisation in the research is limited. Apart from that, the incorporation of new elements or theories and other research is dependent on the literature gap only. Apart from that, finding relevant content comes under one of the most significant challenges.

Conclusion

The mentioned study concludes with the core aspects of a system as well as a repeatable search technique. In addition to that, 20 different journals are discussed, and depending on the discussion 12 journals are selected for further research. Apart from that, three different archives are explored on the basis of the selected keywords. The keywords are specially set or fading relevant journals as well as for determining the vitality of the resources. As per the concerned study, the JSTOR database has the least amount of relevant journals. Apart from that, an idea about secondary qualitative research along with setting inclusion and exclusion criteria for a research war is set in the mentioned study. The study also helps in understanding the core concepts of the existing literature that helps in painting out the existing gaps. Future research work can be implemented by focusing on the gaps, which is essential for the barter of future research work.

Reference list

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Borg, K., Boulet, M., Smith, L. and Bragge, P., 2019. Digital inclusion & health communication: a rapid review of literature. Health Communication, 34(11), pp.1320-1328.

Chen, X., Östlund, B. and Frennert, S., 2020, July. Digital inclusion or digital divide for older immigrants? A scoping review. In International conference on human-computer interaction (pp. 176-190). Springer, Cham.

Denton, J.A., 2017. ‘Inner Space’: the development of repeatable techniques to integrate flameworked inclusions into and onto the sandcast glass form for artists (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sunderland).

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Talukder, M.S., Sorwar, G., Bao, Y., Ahmed, J.U. and Palash, M.A.S., 2020. Predicting antecedents of wearable healthcare technology acceptance by elderly: A combined SEM-Neural Network approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150, p.119793.

Wang, S., Bolling, K., Mao, W., Reichstadt, J., Jeste, D., Kim, H.C. and Nebeker, C., 2019, June. Technology to support aging in place: older adults’ perspectives. In Healthcare (Vol. 7, No. 2, p. 60). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.

weforum.org, 2022, How can we ensure digital inclusion for older adults?, Available at: <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/10/how-can-we-ensure-digital-inclusion-for-older-adults/> [Accessd on: 12/04/2022]

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