Factors affecting Closing the Gap in Life Expectancy
According to statistics, there exists a gap in life expectancy between the indigenous communities and Australians in Australia. This is due to increased mortality rates exhibited among the mentioned communities. It was due to this fact that closing the gap in life expectancy by 2031 was set up. The rationale of this program is to ensure that there is no gap in life expectancy between the two groups (Bertilone & McEvoy, 2015). This a very important initiative since reduced gap in life expectancy will ensure that infants thrive well, there will also be success among children at schools and this will enable them to get employed in the future and contribute to the economic growth of Australia.
This target is not on tack. There are different factors that have been analyzed and a conclusion made that indeed the target is not on track. One of the factors is the life expectancy at birth. This statistics are usually published once after every five years. The recent report was published in 2013 and it indicated that the life expectancies at birth among the indigenous boys was 69.1 for those who were born between 2010-2012 (Parker, Bodkin-Andrews, Marsh, Jerrim, & Schoon, 2013).Those of females born within the same period was 73.7 years. Compared to those of other Australians, there was a gap of 10.6years for the boys since the life expectancy at birth among other Australians was 79.7 years. The gap in females on the other hand was 9.5 years.
There was a slight improvement in life expectancy among the indigenous communities increased by 0.3 years among males and 0.1 years per year among females between 2005-2007 and between 2010 and 2012.This figures projected a reduction in the gap by 0.8 years in indigenous males and 0.1 years for the indigenous communities. The Australian government however recommend that in order to achieve the set target, the life expectancies among the indigenous Australians should increase by between 0.6 and 0.8 years on an annual basis (Browne, 2017). When compared to the 0.1 and 0.3 years increase as of 2012, there is actually much to do to close the gap by 2031.Below is an illustration of the gap in life expectancies at birth in males and females from indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.
Besides the life expectancies at birth, the mortality rates have also been used to evaluate the progress of closing the gap in life expectancy. This method is even more suitable since data is published on a yearly basis as opposed to the life expectancies at birth that are published after every five years. The recent statistics indicate that between 1998 and 2016, the mortality rates among the indigenous communities dropped by 14% (Browne, Hayes, & Gleeson, 2014).This was also marked by a subsequent drop in the mortality rates among the non-indigenous Australians as well since the mortality rate for this group reduced by 9%.Despite the reduced mortality rates during this period, there has not been any drop in the mortality rates as from 2006 to 2016.The mortality rates are still increasing and this is the reason why the gap has not been reduced since 2006.The graph below illustrates the trends in the mortality rates between the indigenous and non-indigenous Australians since 1998.
Life Expectancy at Birth
The Australian Government is also improving the quality of remote housing among the indigenous communities. Since quality housing is the foundation to closing the gap targets in health, education as well as employment and finally community safety, the Australian government has invested over $5.5 billion for the past 10 years to improve on the quality of housing among the indigenous communities in Australia (Gorman & Vemuri, 2012). The number of crowded houses has already reduced from 52-37%.
There has been increased immunization. Immunization has been on top of agenda globally by both the United Children’s Fund and the World Health Organization in the past decade. The Australian government has therefore increased the immunization coverage among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander communities so as to close the gap by 2031.In 1997, there was introduction of the Australia National Immunization Program so as to reduce the overall burden of vaccine preventable infections. The response has been encouraging since in 2013, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander coverage rate of immunization especially among the 5 year old cohort has surpassed the immunization coverage rates among all the children within the same cohort. The National Immunization Program has been providing vaccines against 17 different infections that can be prevented through vaccination. There has been a general improvement of vaccination from 53-90%.
The Australian government has reduced substance misuse and harm. According to studies, substance use is one of the leading factors that contribute to the high mortality rates among the indigenous Australians. The government has therefore tried its best to reduce this vice. There is the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Drug strategy of 2014-2019 that was set up to minimize the effects of illegal substances on families and communities (Davey, 2017). The Australian Government has been funding over 80 different organizations through Indigenous Advancement Strategy to provide indigenous specific alcohol as well as other drug treatment services. The government has so far invested $91.5 million and 32,700 clients have so far been beneficiaries of the same.
The government has also been encouraging healthy lifestyle choices among the indigenous Australians .This has been through the indigenous sports whereby the government through the Indigenous Advancement Strategy, has invested more than $135 million to support more than 151 activities so as to achieve the close the gap target (Cashman et al., 2016). The aim of the program is to ensure that the indigenous communities in Australia engage in sports and recreation so as to improve on their wellbeing, resilience and improve on their educational attendance.
Mortality Rates
Control of outback stores has been another initiative still under the modification of lifestyles. This program was set up in 2006 in response to the hardships experienced by the indigenous communities in accessing quality as well as healthy food. The outback store regulates food at over 36 different community stores in the Northern Territory, Western Australia and finally the South Australia (Clifford, Doran, & Tsey, 2013). It ensures that there is quality, healthy and affordable food among this worst hit areas. Under this program, there has been reduced consumption of sugary food and increase in consumption of fresh fruits and juice. Consumption of healthy food such as the fruits has reduced the mortality rates among the indigenous communities.
There has been school nutrition programs. The government has allocated more than $24 million towards school nutrition programs especially in the Northern Territory. The aim of this activity is to provide nutritious meals to school children. Other notable strategies include reduction is smoking since smoking contributes to the high mortality rates among the indigenous communities. There is also the National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA) that assist those indigenous individuals with disabilities (Cumming, Kinner, & Preen, 2016). There is also the support of emotional as well as social wellbeing and the National Indigenous Critical Response Service that responds to emergencies and suicidal cases. Finally, there is the aged care initiative that looks after those elderly individuals within the indigenous communities.
“A people United shall never be United”. This was a quote by one of the famous leaders in Chile known as Frederic Rzewski was to encourage people to come together in order to defeat the enemy. I would therefore suggest that the Australian government should work in partnership with the indigenous communities in Australia to achieve closing the gap in life expectancy by 2031.The government should fully support the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health sector through funds. This funding will go a long way in assisting in closing the gap in life expectancy.
Conclusion
In Australia, there exists a discrepancy in life expectancy between Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander’s people and the other Australians. Some of the factors that contribute to this gap is genetics and the general lifestyles of the indigenous communities. The Australian recognized this fact and set up an initiative that aims to close the gap in life expectancy by 2031 in Australia. According to statistics however, closing the gap in life expectancy by 2031 is currently not on track. This is due to the fact that as from 2006, there has been no significant reduction in mortality rates among the Indigenous communities in Australia. To achieve this target, there have been different programs that the Australian Government has put in place. Some of the notable programs include reducing the rate of smoking, immunization, modifying the lifestyle of the indigenous communities, supporting the nutrition projects at schools and the Northern Territory in particular. Despite the many efforts, I would still recommend a partnership between the vulnerable communities and the government. There still exists a wide gap in life expectancy between the Aboriginal and Torres Islander people and other Australians and there should be collective efforts to ensure the gap is reduced by 2031.
References
Bertilone, C., & McEvoy, S. (2015). Success in Closing the Gap: favourable neonatal outcomes in a metropolitan Aboriginal Maternity Group Practice Program. The Medical Journal of Australia, 203(6), 262. doi:10.5694/mja14.01754
Browne, A. J. (2017). Moving beyond description: Closing the health equity gap by redressing racism impacting Indigenous populations. Social Science & Medicine, 184, 23-26. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.045
Browne, A. J. (2017). Moving beyond description: Closing the health equity gap by redressing racism impacting Indigenous populations. Social Science & Medicine, 184, 23-26. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.045
Browne, J., Hayes, R., & Gleeson, D. (2014). Aboriginal health policy: is nutrition the ‘gap’ in ‘Closing the Gap’? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 38(4), 362-369. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12223
Cashman, P. M., Allan, N. A., Clark, K. K., Butler, M. T., Massey, P. D., & Durrheim, D. N. (2016). Closing the gap in Australian Aboriginal infant immunisation rates — the development and review of a pre-call strategy. BMC Public Health, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3086-x
Clifford, A. C., Doran, C. M., & Tsey, K. (2013). A systematic review of suicide prevention interventions targeting indigenous peoples in Australia, United States, Canada and New Zealand. BMC Public Health, 13(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-463
Cumming, C., Kinner, S. A., & Preen, D. B. (2016). Closing the Gap in Indigenous health: why section 19(2) of the Health Insurance Act matters. The Medical Journal of Australia, 205(6), 283. doi:10.5694/mja16.00593
Davey, R. X. (2017). The economic benefits of eliminating Indigenous health inequality in the Northern Territory. The Medical Journal of Australia, 206(4), 186. doi:10.5694/mja16.01140
Gorman, J., & Vemuri, S. (2012). Social implications of bridging the gap through ?caring for country? in remote Indigenous communities of the Northern Territory, Australia. The Rangeland Journal, 34(1), 63. doi:10.1071/rj11037
Parker, P. D., Bodkin-Andrews, G., Marsh, H. W., Jerrim, J., & Schoon, I. (2013). Will closing the achievement gap solve the problem? An analysis of primary and secondary effects for indigenous university entry. Journal of Sociology, 51(4), 1085-1102. doi:10.1177/1440783313498946
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