Literature Review
Cross-cultural domestic violence is basically the violence that is experienced by people from different cultural backgrounds and ethnic groups. Domestic violence of women is an issue that has effected most countries in the world. Just as the name says, it is violence in the family background; i.e. either nuclear or extended. In that case, it is easy to say that these kind of violence happens mostly in the orphanages or children homes (Mallory et al, 2016). However, it is also experienced in adoption homes in many countries where children are found to be originating from different ethnic groups and cultures but living in the same household. However, it has not been clearly addressed by many social researchers and therefore has led to increase in its effects on the economic and social status of the country. The countries or ethnic groups that have always kept a distinctive gender roles and responsibilities to their people are prone to violence (Frayer et al, 2014). Generally, some of the main forms of cross-cultural violence include physical, psychological and sexual abuse. However, these forms of violence are not only found around the world but also in the domestic situation. On the other hand, there are some very common domestic violence forms which include things like: child abuse, marital rape, marriage related abuse, battery to name a few of them (Salter, 2014). All of these abuses cause a certain kind of fear and for the victims and especially the physical and psychological related fears.
With that in mind, it is clear that such victims are likely going to reduce their productivity levels (in case they are working) which means that they will decrease their wage rates and therefore poverty. Therefore, research has currently shown that there is a lot of increase in the effects of cross-cultural domestic violence in the world. This research paper is going to concentrate on domestic violence in Australia. Additionally, it will analyze the negative economic effects that this kind of violence causes to the country.
In this section I will give detailed information on the economic effects of domestic violence in Australia. I will consider different cultural aspects like population gender, ethnic group, culture, class, religion and beliefs. These aspects are going to guide me on exactly how they relate to cross cultural violence and how they cause and effect on the economic status of a country.
This is basically the state of an individual being a male or female. When it comes to cross-cultural violence, the females face violence more than the males. In addition to that, referring to any type of violence, the chances of females being abused are higher than those of men being abused (Song et al, 2017). Children or even adults face abuses like sexual abuse, physical injuries, battery, marital rape or any other physical injuries related to marriage. When a woman is married in a different culture, there are higher chances of being abused than when married in their own culture (Tani et al, 2016). To add to that, when a woman passes through immigration process, there are high chances of her facing cultural violence than a man who has passed through the same process. In that case, domestic violence is experienced mostly by children who live with parents from different ethnic groups. Apparently, in the children’s homes or children orphanages there are high domestic violence cases especially when the culture is the minority in the home.
Gender
These are situations that have caused a lot of effects on the economic status of a country like Australia. Apparently, when a person is abused, the rates of decreasing their productivity in general is high. This sometimes leads to lack of money to look after the family or even to keep it safe. This affects the rates of security in the country which later affects the economic growth and development.
This is an aspect that can greatly affect a person when they are in a new country or interacting with a different cultural group. Language is an aspect that can lead to cross cultural violence because when different belong to different ethnic groups, then they will certainly speak their own language if they both cannot find a common language to speak in. In that case, when people speak different languages, they may definitely not understand each other and therefore may led to commotions. For instance, when two people get married and supposedly they tend to originate from different cultures with completely different languages, then they will certainly not understand each other they find a common language to use whenever speaking e.g. French and African, American and Indian, Asian and Indian to name a few. However, if they do not have any common language, there are chances of disagreements which may lead to battery, rape or any other physical injury. This is so because there will be lack of effective communication between them. This is also happens among children in the orphanages, children homes as well as to adopted children.
This issues has great effect to a country’s economy and also its social status. Apparently, the affected victims of violence that arises from such situations are most likely going to experience fear and discomfort around people who do not speak the same language as them. They have insecurity issues which may lead to less productivity levels and therefore lower wages or business profits hence no economic growth or productivity. Furthermore, with such fear in their mind, it will affect the victim’s psychological thinking capacity. The victims will certainly develop the fear of the people who speak the same language with their abuser which is not a good sign for business development or country growth.
This relates to the traditional practices that an ethnic group believes and is involved in. Different groups have different culture including their beliefs, coded of conduct, cooking methods and foods, celebrations, marriage procedures among other things. When people are living together and they have to practice different cultures there has to be misunderstandings between them. However, this is especially if none of them seems to respect the culture of the other. This lack of respect may sometimes lead to one individual bettering or physically injuring the other. Also, in the case of a married couple may lead to marital rape or any other marriage related violence. This kind of violence often make the victims feel looked down upon and unworthy in front of the other culture. The feeling of disrespect and insecurity frequently overcomes them which may certainly lead to hatred of the other culture. Also, it may make the victim have very negative thoughts about that specific culture. With that in mind, there are high chances of poverty in families where there is violence among people from different culture. This lead to less growth and development of the victims themselves; i.e. either physical, economical of psychological growth. This impacts the economy of the country because the victims may reduce their working rates, change or leave their work completely.
Language
This is another aspect that is causing a lot of cross-cultural violence among people in Australia. There are three main religions in the world which apparently, they are also found in Australia. Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Generally, people have always believed that Christian groups have the courage to tolerate violence of any kind especially the family violence (Kalra et al, 2013). This is simply because of their belief in the family relations and ideologies. However, family violence has frequently caused a lot of effects to the people facing them and especially those who are from different religious backgrounds. Apparently, the religions have different practices when it comes to aspects like marriages, raising up children etc. for instance if an Islam man marries a Christian lady, the lady will have to convert completely to Islam otherwise the marriage will be null and void. Also, the fact that those two groups believe in completely different cultures, ways of raising children, treating husband and wives to name just but a few things, then there is a likelihood of misunderstandings arising. When the couple misunderstands or disrespects each other, then it means that there may arise a violent situation like battery, any other physical injury or even rape of a partner (Gill et al, 2014). The value of each other’s religious values, norms, believes and practices is critical in this kind of scenario.
With that in mind, the religious differences has contributed to increased numbers of domestic violence cases which has also affected the economic growth and development rate of the country. People are unable and uncomfortable to work alongside other religions that may have caused threats to them. Apparently, this is an aspect that has led to many wars in the whole world especially between Christian and Islamic religions therefore lowering the economic growth rates of the world as a whole. When the people are not comfortable and insecure working with other religions then it will reduce the country’s productivity levels which causes poverty in the end of it all.
This relates to the economic class of every person in the country. This divides people into three main social classes, i.e. the upper, middle and lower classes which represent the rich, averagely rich and the poor people respectively. The rich people most of the times look down upon those other classes for many different reasons but main one being that they have more money than the others. However, every class generally views the other in a certain disrespectful way which increases the levels of misunderstanding each other. This kind of disrespect often causes problems and disagreements and therefore leading to abuse and violence. This is often found in the married couple where one partner may be coming from a different background class with the other. The kind of misunderstanding arising from such scenarios may cause domestic violence like rape and marital battery as well as any other marriage related violence. This is an issue that indirectly affects the use the economic status of a country because the victims will not be ready and willing to work anymore especially when looked down upon by their leaders.
Culture
The research will be limited to only one country, Melbourne, Australia. The various willing respondents from the town will be targeted for the researcher to get the right and enough information to be able to make meaningful and relevant analysis, conclusions and recommendations. The study will also be limited to the cultural aspects discussed above to be able to get detailed and valuable data to analyze.
The method that will be used for the analysis of the data that will be collected is the qualitative and quantitative method. These methods will be able to come up with the best results because they will analyze both the data that can be quantified and one that is unquantifiable which may include things like human feelings, opinions and thoughts.
Questionnaires will be used to collect the data for this research. The fact that it will involve many different people from various cultural backgrounds, then the questionnaires will also be produced in different languages to be able to suit different ethnic groups. Apparently, the questionnaires will be based especially on these factors that have been discussed above and how they relate to cross cultural domestic violence.
This research is certainly important for the purpose of knowing what rates of domestic violence has affected the country’s economy. In addition to that, there are currently few researches done on such a topic and therefore the need to know and the curiosity levels of such issues is becoming high in the current world. Also, the researcher would like to know whether there is an increase in the domestic violence levels in the country compared to the data found in previous researches on this exact issue.
Conclusion
Domestic violence has remained a research field that has not been done by social scientist frequently whereas it is becoming a common thing among many family members; especially married couples. It has also led to increased economic decline the Australia in an indirect way which at the end of it all means poverty. Apparently, this research paper will determine how exactly the cross cultural differences cause domestic violence and the aspects that cause the violence and abuse itself.
References
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Religion
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