Effect Of Employment Policy On Job Opportunities For International Students

Concept of Employment Policy

Discuss about the Effect of Employment Policy on Job Opportunities for International Students.

Over the decades, lots of international students have come to Australia for pursuing their higher studies in the Australian universities. These students often need to opt for some part times jobs for getting financial support in their higher studies (Helyer & Lee, 2014). However, the student visa policies of Australia have affected a lot to the job opportunities for the international students. As per the visa policy, the international students are not allowed to work more than 20 hours per week (Ieaa.org.au, 2018). This study will discuss the effect of employment policy on job opportunities for international students in Australia. Furthermore, the study will also assess the trends of international student enrolment in Australian universities. The working rights for the international students of Australia will also be described in this study. Apart from analysis, the issues of job opportunities, the study will also suggest some future improvement area in the job opportunity level of the international students in Australia.

Employment policy is the written agreement between the employers and employees, which are taken together for the rights of each under common law stature. It determines the relationship between the employers and employees. According to Ács et al. (2014), a national employment policy is the vision and practical plan of achieving the employment goals of a country. The statutory bodies of a country must look at country’s challenges and opportunities before making any employment policy. Moreover, the statutory bodies must need to consult with all interested parties in the economy including employers and employees before reaching at any common agreement. On the other hand, Shimada (2015) opined that national employment policy promotes decent work, where the social protection, workers’ fundamental rights and labor standards go hand in hand in respect to job creation. Effective employment policy creates consistent job opportunities for the job candidates residing within a specific country. However, the government offices should gather proper information about proper employment information in terms of job vacancies and employers’ information for assessing the availability of prospective workers (Hicks et al., 2014). Effective employment policies lead to a situation, where labor force and other economic resources of a country are utilized to a maximum extent.

The government of Australia has set out some specific employment policy for the international students, who used come in this country to pursuing their higher studies. According to Deakin.edu.au (2018), the international students must have a valid Visa for getting employment in Australian organizations. This Visa is associated with some strict rules and regulations regarding the employment policies of international students. As per this visa rules, the international students can work maximum up to 20 hours per week during their full time school session. However, Fair Work Ombudsman (2018) opined that there is no limitation in the working hour limitation of the international students during their holidays and vacations. The international students, who found to work beyond their specific working hours mentioned in Visa, are about to be punished by the statutory bodies. Moreover, the statutory bodies cancel the Visa of the international students, who breaches the Visa condition by working more than 20 hours per week. On the other hand, Homeaffairs.gov.au (2018) pointed out that the international students are allowed to arrive in Australia up to 90 days before their course begins, but they are not allowed to start working until after their course has begun. The limit of working hours does not alter for any work of the international students.

Work Rights and Employment policy for International Students in Australia

The family members accompanied with the international students under the Visa condition have same working rights like the students. Moreover, Beine et al. (2014) opined that unlike the students, the family members of the students are not even permitted to work more than 20 hours per week even in holidays or vacations.  However, the family members of the students, who are pursuing graduate degree or master degree, are allowed to work for unlimited hours. On the other hand, SBS News (2017) opined that the international students must need to supply the confirmation of enrolment issued by any Australian educational institute to the organization for getting permission of work. Students must also maintain satisfactory attendance in their academic course and progress of the course for each study session as required by their institutes. The students and their dependants having their Visas under the Visa condition 8104 or 8105 can participate in volunteering job outside of their working hours of 20 hours per week (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2018). However, the main purpose of these international students should be study and volunteering work should be their secondary job.

The employers of Australia, who want to hire international students, are required to abide by Australian Employment Law. According to Robertson (2014), the employers must adhered to the employment policies set out by the Fair Work Australia in terms of fair wage, leave entitlements, breaks and other working conditions before hiring any international students. The organizations hiring international students must treat them as they do for any other regular employee. Moreover, the employers must be adhered with the minimum wage policy and pay minimum of $18.29 per hour to the working international students. The international students working 20 hour per week are entitled to avail 80 hours of annual leave, which is equivalent to 4 weeks work for them. On the other hand, Akanwa (2015) opined that the international students are entitled to get paid more in case of working at night, public holidays, weekends and overtime. Furthermore, Ieaa.org.au (2018) pointed out that the employers can never force the international students to enter into Individual Flexible Arrangement (IFA), which can alter the modern awards and enterprise agreement applied to a particular employee. The employer must have to ensure that a particular student is better off overall that he/she would be under the normal award and enterprise agreement. Moreover, the employers must have to pay additionally to the employees for entering the employees in IFA.

Post-study Work Rights

The employment policies and practice of Australia have high level of preferences for English language preference among the employees. Hence, the international students must be proficient and fluent enough get job in Australian organizations. Scott et al. (2015) opined that the suggested employment policies and practices of Australia have supported integrated approach to enhance English proficiencies and workplace readiness within educational institutes. Such policies are also directed towards increasing awareness of the value of experiences and skills outside of their normal studies. The unpaid work experience (UWE) policy of Australia is quite frustrating for the international students. In such policy, the employers would not pay the international students for their work trial, which is associated with the course work of the students (Tran, 2016). The statutory bodies of Australia have set out policies for enhancing the quality of job of the international students.

Jackson and Michelson (2015) mentioned that most of the international students are eligible for applying for post study work right visas upon completion of their graduation. However, there is restriction upon their working duration based on their qualification level. Moreover, the international students pursuing bachelor/master degree course are eligible to get working visa for 2 years. On the other hand, the international students pursuing Masters by Research and Doctoral Degree are eligible for getting working rights for 3 years and 4 years respectively (Stein & de Andreotti, 2016). The employment policy of Australia also suggests the Australian employers to have proper Visa Entitlement Verification Online for assessing the suitability of work rights of the international students. The equal employment policy of Australia prevents the employers to make discrimination among the international students based on their racial, religion and cultural backgrounds while hiring them at their organization. 

Over the years, Australia has become a popular study destination for the students from around the world wishing to avail top quality education. Every year, a huge portion of new international students are enrolling their names in Australian courses. Such international students are adding to the already existing international student body around the country. According to SBS News (2017), in the year 2015, more than 645,185 international students got enrolled in the educational courses of Australia. On the other hand, more than 272,095 international students got enrolled in the higher educational section of the country. Hence, it can be viewed that overseas students are taking enrolment mostly for undergraduate program than the post graduate programs. Moreover, the overseas students prefer to pursue undergraduate programs in Australia than post graduate programs (Scott et al. 2015).  

Employment Policy and the Importance of English Language

The above figure demonstrates that the enrolment of international students in Australian courses is fluctuating a lot. Most of the international students are studying the higher educational sector of Australia followed by English Language Intensive Courses for Overseas Students (ELICOS) sector, Vocational Education and Training (VET) sector and school sector. ELICOS is an effective and popular pathway for the international students towards moving into VET and higher educational sector. As per Bauder (2015), in the year 2015, 30% of the overseas students, who commenced higher educational programs, had actually studied in ELICOS sector previously. Furthermore, 37% international students, who commenced VET programs in the same year, had also been through an ELICOS pathways (Robertson & Runganaikaloo, (2014). Hence, it has been seen that most of the international students are extending their Visas after completing one of their educational courses for starting a new educational course in Australia. Foundation courses are also increasing significantly in Australia, which has demonstrated 18% increase each year in term of enrolment numbers of the international students (Tran & Pham, 2016). However, the overall enrolment numbers of international students in Australian courses has decreased slightly. 

According to Hawthorne and To (2014), more than 1 student in 3 international students have chose part time jobs in some Australian organizations. Approximately, 15% of the international students have chosen part time jobs in hospitality sectors. The cleaner and laundry sectors of Australia have employed 11% of total international students immigrated to this country. On the other hand, Altbach and Reisberg (2015) pointed out that 10% of the total overseas students immigrated to Australia are working as sales assistants in some organizations. Furthermore, 8% of the total immigrated students in Australian have joined in food sectors as food preparation assistants (Tran & Pham, 2016). In this way, international students have significantly contributed in the job market of Australia, which is leading to flexible job market condition for the employers. 

The above figure is presenting that immigrations of international students have declined over the year. On the other hand, the immigration of international students is increasing in the countries like USA, Canada, France and New Zealand. Moreover, the local recruiters often prefer the academic institutes for choosing their job candidates. Unlike Australia, the Visa condition of Canada and USA often does not require the name of companies in which the overseas students would join. The working opportunity in these overseas countries seems to be quite satisfactory than Australia. The statistics of International student enrolment for different top countries in 2015 have demonstrated that Australia has got 67% of overall overseas employed students (Salyers et al., 2015). Oliver (2015) opined that the largest portion overseas student enrolments in Australian higher education sector are from India, China and Malaysia. Australian VET sector is getting maximum international student enrolment from Republic of Korea, China and India. Furthermore, largest international student enrolment in ELICOS sector is from Vietnam, the Republic of Korea and China.

Unpaid Work Experience (UWE) Policy

Majority of international graduates from Australian universities returns to their home country after completing their graduation. In the year 2016, more than 50% international students returned to their home country at the time of their study and only 43% international students remain in Australia (Deakin.edu.au, 2018).  Rest students had moved to some third country for availing better job opportunities. From the study, it has been found that the graduates from Indian, Pakistan and China are more likely to stay in Australia. On the other hand, graduates from Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam are more likely to return to their home country for availing better job opportunities.

International students are to face an increasing cost for their pursuit of higher education in Australian Universities. Most of the international students find it too difficult to afford such higher cost in an international country. In such situation, adopting part time job becomes an effective source of income for the international students. They can get financial support for the living cost as well as study cost from such types of part time jobs (Perkins & Neumayer, 2014). Furthermore, each international student does not get equal financial and family support for pursuing higher studies in international countries. In such situation, such students are to take care of their responsibility by their own. In such situation, they must have to get some part time jobs beside their studies for earning some money to get financial support for their higher studies. Sweetman and Warman (2014) pointed out that 40% of total working international students do some part time jobs for getting financial support for their higher studies in Australian universities. Part time jobs have become the most effective source income for the international students in Australia. Such jobs also give them lessons about spending wisely.

According to Madge et al. (2015), some students prefer to opt for part time job for gaining early work experience before their study is completed. Moreover, part time job is an effective option of the international students to gain relevant job experience in their preferred field. Such early job experience can help the international student to get formal jobs after their study easily. Daly et al. (2015) stated that international students often get part time jobs for preparing an impressive resumes for getting formal job after their study is over. Such resumes having work experience demonstrates that the student is somewhat accustomed with professional world. Hence, it becomes easier for the overseas students to impress the employers and get preferred job easily. The research over international students in Australia has demonstrated that 30% students opt for part time jobs in Australian organizations for gaining earlier and relevant job experience for their preferred job field (Olwig & Valentin, 2015). It helps such students to prove their maturity, responsibility and efficiency at work.

Equal Employment Policy in Australia

Earning through part time jobs helps the international students to boost their confidence and allow them to have some fun within their spending limit. Some students also opt for part time jobs in Australia for affording their tuition fees towards getting assistance in their studies. In case any student takes student loans for pursuing higher studies in Australia, he/she has to pay back this loan amount (Jepsen et al., 2014). In such situation, the students often do some part time jobs for earning money for pay back their educational loans. Furthermore, overseas students can develop some practical job skills through working in some organization. It can ultimately help them to get any formal job easily. Most of the students opt for part time jobs for becoming an organized person for learning the about meeting the deadlines of job tasks.

Overseas students take on a job on the top of their studies mostly have less free time as compared with the non-working students. According to Helyer and Lee (2014), the working international students have to measure out their time for completing every task expected of them within their specified deadline. In this way, such students become effective time planner through practicing time management in their part time jobs. Moreover, they perfectly learn to weigh their work priorities for completing their work responsibilities. Such learning helps them to perform better job in their future. On the other hand, Teichler (2015) opined that some students opt for part time jobs for effective and valuable utilization of their free time. Apart from just focusing on the study, these students are willing to something different in their free time. Hence, such students adopt working option for their valuable utilization of their free time, where they can earn some extra money as well as gain some practical skills regarding their preferred jobs. 

The most advantageous factor of studying in Australia is that international students can avail some part time jobs for themselves for supporting themselves financially. The students having a valid visa can work up to 40 hours per fortnight during their semester. It helps them to cover up their living expense as well as study expense in international country. However, during semester breaks or holidays, the overseas students can are permitted to work for unlimited hours (Darmody et al., 2014). Australia has the lowest unemployment rate in the world. Hence, the international students can easily find part time jobs in Australia, if they are hired by the employers. The overseas students must have to open Australian bank account so that the employers can pay in that account. While considering then big cities of Australia, it has been found that Melbourne has become the most important administrative, business and cultural hub that can offer lots of job opportunities to the international students.

According to Walsh et al., (2015), the major cities of Australia often host various cultural events and sports events throughout a year, which offers plenty of seasonal casual jobs for the overseas students. However, the chance of international students to get a part time job is highly dependent on the factors like their previous job experience, types of jobs and fluency in English language. As per Crockford et al., (2015), development of food sector in Australia is amazing with thousands of cafes, restaurants and bars scattered around the big cities and inner suburbs. Hence, the international students have high level of potentiality to get job opportunities in this sector. The students can search jobs by exploring the city laneways, where they can easily find the jobs like waiter/waitress, bartenders, kitchen hand and many more. However, the students need to have RSA certificate for serving alcohol to the students. The international students also require having good communication skills, multitasking ability, people skills and good memory for perfectly managing these kinds of jobs (Urban & Palmer, 2014). It has already mentioned previously that 15% of overall international students have been placed in hospitality sector.

Retail industry is also emerging in Australia with development of supermarket, hypermarket and retail chains. Such sector can be associated with sells of clothing to electronics. Moreover, the international students can get the job roles like cashier, sales assistance and stocker at hypermarket and supermarket. Such jobs require effective communication skills, time management and strategic prospecting skills on the part of the international students. The students also must have good rapport building skills with the people for better managing the jobs.   Perna et al. (2014) pointed out that different types of shops and commercial centers around the country provide plenty of job opportunities to the overseas students. There are high demands of part time employees in the popular retail sectors, which provide huge scope of job opportunities to the migrant students. Hence, the international students can directly find and search their retail jobs easily on the websites of the popular retail organizations like Coles, Aldi and Bunnings. It has been previously mentioned that 10% of the overall international students in Australia have adopted the job role of sales assistance in the retail shops, hypermarket and supermarket (Beine et al., 2016).

Many students face extreme challenges for not being able to speak English fluently. In such situation, such students may face difficulties to get part time jobs like reception jobs, call centre jobs and office administrative jobs in different sectors. In such situation, such students opt for cleaning and laundry jobs for private companies, if they cannot speak English fluently. Gradually, when they learn to speak English properly shifts to another job field. Sweetman and Warman (2014) opined that 11% of the total international students have already adopted the cleaning and laundry jobs in different private sectors of Australia. Such job opportunities have become effective source of income for the international students, who do not speak English fluently.

The international students also have numerous volunteering job opportunities in Australia. Moreover, the students, who are highly, hardworking, enthusiastic and willing to contribute in the community, can opt for the job of volunteering. According to Saeed et al. (2015), volunteering job opportunities provide the opportunity to the international students towards improving their networking, work experience and chances of local culture immersing. Hence, such job experience helps the students to make more varied resumes getting formal jobs in future easily. Karimi et al. (2016) pointed out that 7% of total international students of Australia have opted for the job of volunteering in community.

The visa policies for the international students states the international students are allowed to work up to 20 hours per week during their school session. Any international student, who found to work beyond this working hours limitation, is supposed to be punished by the authoritative bodies. Moreover, Wang and Tsai (2014) opined that the statutory bodies of Australia immediate cancel the visa of the international students, who breaches the rules of visa condition. Hence, the international students are not able to work as full time employee in any organization. Furthermore, the students also face extreme difficulties to find suitable part time jobs in Australia.

The limitation of working hours in the visa condition of the international students has ultimately limited the earning opportunities of the students, which they might have earned, if they are provide to some extra time to work. On the other hand, Deeming and Smyth (2017) opined that the visa condition for the international students of Australia has also limited the working hours of the family members of students. Moreover, family members of the students, who stay with them in Australia, are not also allowed to work beyond 20 hours per week. Furthermore, unlike the students, the family members of the students are not allowed to work for unlimited hours even in holidays and breaks. Hence, visa policies are also hampering the job opportunities of the family members of the students towards getting full time jobs. As per Harvey (2014), the student visa of Australia suggests that the international students are allowed to arrive at Australia up to 90 days before their courses begin, but they are not allowed to work until their courses have begun. Such policies have highly affected the job opportunities of the international students, as they cannot get any job on immediately arrival on Australia (Mak & Brown, 2014). In such time, lack of job opportunities often hampers their affordability for living cost in Australia.

The bachelor and master degree students are allowed to get student visa of maximum 2 years time period. Hence, the international students are able to get job opportunity for up to 2 years. In this way, the visa conditions Australia are actually limiting the time period of the job for the students. The same difficulties of job opportunities are faced by the students pursuing master degree by research and doctoral degree, where such students are allowed student visa for 3 years and 4 years time period (Olsen et al., 2015). Hence, the visa conditions of the student visa are actually hampering the job opportunities of the international students.

As per the student visa for international students in Australia, the students must have to maintain satisfactory attendance in their study courses and course progress for each period as required by their schools. In such situation, it becomes quite difficult for the international student to maintain their attendance in their organizations, where they are employed. In this way, regular attendance at the organization creates negative perception about the students in mind of employers of Australia. Moreover, such negative perception ultimately leads to job insecurity for the international students. Furthermore, Rogen (2014) opined that in order to get work permission in visa, international students must have to mention the name of the organization, where would join after reaching Australia. In such situation, seeking job opportunities beforehand reaching at Australia becomes extremely difficult for the international students. In this way, the visa policies of international students in Australia are actually affecting their job opportunities. 

The student visa policies of Australia have imposed several restrictions on the employment policies for international students. Such restrictions have created some negative perception on the mind of employer regarding the international students. According to Gomes et al. (2014), Australian employers are often reluctant to hire international students for protecting their corporate reputation from any kind of legal complexity. Moreover, most of the Australian organizations are worried that they can be in trouble with reliability and legal issues, if they hire an international student and his/her student visa is canceled for some reasons. Ling and Tran (2015) pointed out that the international students contribute more than 19 billion to the Australian economy, but 34% of them have actually been hired by the Australia employers. It is actually indicating that the Australian organizations have quite negative perception regarding the international students and they are reluctant to hire employees even as their employees. On the other hand, Beine et al. (2016) opined that the Australian employers also have doubt about the job abilities of the international students. The employers have strong belief that hiring an international student is always associated with higher risk than hiring a local student. In this way, the international students are given a fair go for their job opportunity in Australia.

Lots of companies are highly skeptical to hire international students, as they are doubtful about the capabilities of such students. It is the perception of the Australian employer that the international students cannot understand the perceptive of the clients and other employees because they belong to some other culture. Hence, the employers feel safe and worthy to hire local students than to hire international students. According to Karimi et al. (2016), the international students are only able to get fair treatment in their job opportunities, while the employers experience their skills, passion and dedication via an internship. However, the international students are often reluctant to do unpaid internship program unless it is a part of their study course. On the other hand, Deeming and Smyth (2017) opined that Australian employers are unwilling to hire students having temporary residents in Australia. Moreover, the employees always prioritize the students having permanent residents than the temporary residents. In this way, the international students are often neglected by the Australian employers. It is ultimately hampering the job opportunities of the international students in Australian market. Most of the Australian employers do not consider international students fit for their job requirements, which is reducing their job opportunities in Australian (Mak & Brown, 2014).

Australian employment policies have caused huge issues on the job opportunities for the international students, who come to study in Australia. As per the student visa policy, the international students are allowed to work only up to 20 hour per week (Homeaffairs.gov.au, 2018). The student visa of a student is cancelled immediately, when he/she is found to breach the policies mentioned in the visa condition. Hence, such students are unable to do jobs as full time employees and they are bound to do part time jobs. In such situation, Australian employers think that full time employees would be much productive that the part time employees. Such perception of the employers is hampering the job opportunities for the international students. Moreover, Beine et al. (2014) opined that 12% of international students, who get invitation for studying in Australia, become disappointed with the employment policies mentioned in student visa. Hence, ultimately, such students turn down such invitation. Jackson and Michelson (2015) stated that the employment policies and several other instructions of associated with visa policy are given to the international students during the time of their visa card application. As a consequence, many students refuse to give in to such study invitation. The other students get frustrated with the policy on arrival to the respective institutions and ultimately opt out of the university for trying out their luck in any other university in any other country.

The limitation of working hours in the visa condition has brought about job inconvenience for the international students. As per Barnett et al. (2016), Australian employers tend to shy from hiring such international students as their employees because of associated inconsistency in the labour supply. Over the time, the job opportunities of such students are being scare in Australia. The Australian employers tend to hire more permanent employees as opposed to temporary employees having temporary residents in Australia. Hence, the international students are hardly getting jobs in Australia. On the other hand, Stein and de Andreotti (2016) opined that the international students get student visa for some specific time period for completing their study. Moreover, the students having bachelor and master degree, master with research and doctorate degree get student visa having time period of 2 years, 3 years and 4 years respectively. Hence, the Australian employers perceive that the international students will just want to go back to their home after 1 year or their study is completed. In the perception of the employers, such students may prove to be unproductive for the organizations. Hence, Australian employers are reluctant to hire such international students as their employees and it is ultimately affecting their job opportunities.

One of the major factors for the employment policy of Australia is efficiency in English speaking. However, Hicks et al. (2014) stated that 60% of total international students in Australia are having lack of fluency in English language. Moreover, the prime business language of Australia is English and it is the basic requirement among the job candidates for their selection in any organization. Hence, the Australia employers are reluctant to hire such international students having less English speaking ability. In this way, the international students are facing difficulties in getting jobs in Australia. On the other hand, Scott et al. (2015) pointed out that Australian employers find massive mismatch between the requirement of the jobs and the labour supply from the international students. Most of the employers cannot find required cultural understanding among the international students having different cultural backgrounds. The employers think that the students from international countries will not be able to serve the customers of Australian properly having lack of proper cultural understanding. Hence, they are reluctant to hire such students as their employees.

Perkins and Neumayer (2014) mentioned that most of the organizations are unwilling to recruit international students for protecting their corporate image from the legal constraints. Moreover, the employers are reluctant to hire such student with a perception that if they hire any such student and his/her visa is cancelled for any reason, then it can create legal constraints for them. On the other hand, Madge et al. )2015) opined that some Australian employers think that the international students will not fit with the culture of other employees in the workplace. As per the employers, hiring such students may lead to cultural clashes within the workplace. Hence, employers are highly reluctant to hire the international students as their employees. As a consequence of these inconsistency and impacts, the international students have started to shy away from studying in Australia and are opting for other countries like Canada, United State, Switzerland, New Zealand and other countries with favourable policies for their study (Sweetman & Warman, 2014). 

Helyer and Lee (2014) pointed out that international students prefer to start their career-oriented jobs right from the time of pursuing their higher education degree as this helps in gathering experience. However, employers neglect such aspirations of the international students due to the difference in culture, organizational requirement and due to long-term talent management. The international students have their expectation in getting acquainted to the corporate culture by starting their career in small scale Australian companies (Walsh et al. 2015). Their expectation is to understand the different types of organization culture and make them suitable for the job roles. However, since the candidates are having diversified culture as they come from varying backgrounds, they are not recruited. Their expectation is not met mainly because of the varying culture, which might not be required by the organizations or may impact on capital management. It can also be said that the candidates’ expectation is extremely justified just like other fresh graduates so that they get the opportunity to build their career and serve within the preferable industry Crockford (et al., 2015).

While considering the viewpoint of Perna et al. (2014), it can be said that international students are trying hard showcase their talent, skills, dedication and passion by getting a suitable career-oriented job in Australia. However, since the companies prefer to recruit local candidates mainly in order to reduce risk, the expectation of such overseas candidates is lost forever. The international candidates even though has adequate qualification, they are struggling hard to deal with cultural prejudice and difficulties. It can be said that the expectation of candidates is just quite similar to the local students, which is to get opportunity in local firms so that they can get knowledge and gather experience by utilizing their skills (Mak & Brown, 2014). Moreover, majority of the candidates mostly have gathered theoretical or simulated University based knowledge through completing their courses and therefore they need a job where they can apply their knowledge (Gomes et al., 2015).

According to the findings of Ling and Tran (2015), it can be highlighted that Australian employers are letting the international students by giving them a fair go. However, the expectation of the students is to get the similar job opportunities, job roles and responsibilities, fair wage and attention just as the local students are offered. Irrespective of qualification, the local post-graduates are offered higher wage and opportunity, which creates the point of differentiation among international students (Helyer & Lee, 2014). The companies are mostly found to be sceptical whether the overseas graduates will be able to earn same productivity as compared to local graduates. Moreover, the candidates also expect that the Universities will help them in placing in reputed organization, where from they can start their career. However, the support is quite negligible. Therefore, it can be said that the migrant students expect to have similar wage structure along with similar job opportunities (Darmody et al., 2014).

It has been identified that the international fresh graduates from Australian Universities are mostly ignored on the grounds of language difference, cultural amenities and Visa periods. However, it has been the expectation of the overseas candidates such as from India, China, Africa and Latin America to make the companies understand the importance of workforce diversity. Since more than 66% of the Australian SMEs are trying to focus talent management by focusing only on local candidates (Walsh et al., 2015). Hence, they are quite restricted in innovation especially in automobile and textile industry. Therefore, such international students expect their positions in such firms where they can create a difference by adding diversified values. With the incorporation of workforce diversity, the companies will be able to gather diversified knowledge that will eventually help in decision making support to form better sustainability strategy. Therefore, the expectation of international candidates is to establish diversified workforce culture that might help in developing organizational strategy through innovation.

The international students are being highly disappointed with the employment policies framed for them in Australia. Moreover, the issue is that the policies are being negatively perceived by the Australian employers. Hence, the international students are not getting proper job opportunity in Australia. Gradually, they have started to shy away from studying in Australia and opting for other countries with favourable policies for their study (Hawthorne & To, 2014). In this way, Australia is losing numbers of international student enrolment as compared to other countries. Hence, the country should immediate look after the impact of employment policies and take measures for improving the employment condition for the overseas students.

In order the make favourable employment policies, the Australian employers should take active actions in creating employment for the international students. The employers should provide equal job opportunity to the international students just like their local students. They should understand that they can increase their talent pool by hiring the best talents from the international students (Salyers et al., 2015). In this way, the international students will get adequate job opportunities in Australia. On the other hand, the universities of the international students should be supportive to them in finding job opportunities in this country. Moreover, the universities should refer the name of these students to the organizations as per their skills level. It would ultimately increase the job opportunities for the international students in Australia. On the other hand, reference from the universities would also add advantage to the availability of job opportunity for these students. The universities should also support the international students towards enhancing their English proficiency level (Madge et al., 2015). In this way, the students will be able to enhance their English fluency level. It would ultimately change the perception of the Australian employers regarding the English speaking ability of these students. Hence, they will be willing to hire these international students having a positive perception regarding their English speaking ability.

The Australian employers should change their perception regarding the job fit of the international students with the job requirements of the organizations. The employers should understand that the international students having different cultural background can actually add unique ideas in the business (Sweetman & Warman, 2014). Such perception would encourage the employers to hire the international students with a motive to foster differentiation in their organization. Furthermore, the employers should also be supportive to such students in adjusting with the Australian culture of the organizations. It will gradually change the minds set of the employers regarding the cultural adjustments of the international students with different culture followed in Australia organization (Daly et al., 2015). Hence, it will ultimately enhance the job opportunity of these students in this country. Apart from that, the employers should understand that every student does not want to go back to their home country after their graduation and show strong commitment towards establishing their career in Australia. Such changing perception will increase the job opportunities for the international students in Australia.

Conclusion

While concluding the study, it can be said that the student visa policy of Australia has affected the job opportunity for the international students. As per the student visa policy, the international students are allowed to work maximum up to 20n hours per week. However, the international students can work for unlimited hours during their holiday session. The family members of the students staying with them in Australia are not even allowed to work for unlimited hours even in holiday session. Such limited working hours force the students to opt for part time jobs instead of full time jobs. Australian employers are reluctant to hire such international students having no permanent residence in Australia. Apart from that, the employers have a negative perception that the part international students would be less productive than the full time employees. Hence, the employers are reluctant to hire such students as their employee.

Australian employers often find greater misfit between the job requirements and the skill levels of the international students. The employers are unwilling to recruit such students, as they are not fluent enough in speaking English language. In such situation, the universities of the international students should take active initiatives for improving their skills levels for having fit with the job requirements. Furthermore, the Australian employers should change their perspective towards international students. They should think that such students can actually foster different ideas having different cultural backgrounds. It changing perception would ultimately enhance the job opportunities for the international students in Australia.

The literature review has faced several issues while collecting information regarding the topic of the literature. It was difficult to apply any previous theories and models for collecting accurate information regarding topic of the literature review. Moreover, it was challenging apply the theories and models to the literature review from different angles. On the other hand, the literature review has faced the lack of critical penetration and critical analysis towards drawing any conclusion. The literature review was sometimes unable to collected authentic information for lack of access to authentic sources. Moreover, it was not possible to access more numbers of authentic secondary sources due to budget constraints. Apart from that, the literature review has also faced the issue of time constraint, which has ultimately hampered the access of more authentic information. It can hamper the overall result of the literature review.

This literature review has huge scope for purpose of literature review writing. Moreover, the literature review can be used as effective secondary sources for further authors. It means that the further authors can access huge secondary sources from this literature review. On the other hand, the negative impact of the literature review can be overcome in future. The literature review can be effective for the Australian statutory bodies towards analyzing the issued associated with the job opportunities for the international students. Hence, the statutory can encourage the Australian employers towards improving the job opportunities of the international students.  

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