Types of Mental Illnesses
A mental issue or illness is an issue affecting the behaviour of people, emotions, thoughts and capability to interact with others. Anxiety, bipolar disorder, eating disorders Schizophrenia and depression are common mental illnesses in Australia. Chronic illnesses, highly stressful or traumatic cases, relatives with mental illness, or the use of drugs or alcohol can raise the hazard of mental illness, but anyone can get it. Effective mental health is very significant as it helps to live in the community; any person with depressive order is said to be medically ill. The nurses and doctors play a key role in the intervention and treatment of the issues relating to mental health issues, as identifying the health issues selecting the best treatment and many others. The customer feeling hallucination is challenging to handle as many times they are not able to describe their situation to others, and this impacts their health. The objective of this paper is to identify the nursing interventions and therapies that are effective and helpful in curing mental health issues and suggesting effective therapies for better health improvement.
People with mental disorders cannot distinguish between what is real and what is not. They have difficulty interpreting the world around them, and their reasoning may be confused. They may experience hallucinations, such as hearing voices that are not there, or delusions in which they believe false information about themselves or the world around them. People who have mental illness may be at risk of harming themselves and others in serious situations. About 1 in 200 adult Australians suffers from psychotic disorders each year. The first episode of psychosis is more probable to occur in late adolescence or early adulthood (AIHW, 2022).
Mental conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or serious injury can produce psychosis. It can also be brought about by traumatic events from abuse or less drug abuse. Psychosis has a variety of people to various people. The causes of mental illness are currently being studied. There is no single cause, and scientists believe it is caused by a mixture of biological, genetic, social, and environmental variables. It may be related to a chemical imbalance in the brain. The first episode of psychosis can be caused by stress or certain medications (marijuana, speed, LSD, etc.).
Hallucinations are experiences and sensations that no one else can understand. However, they can appear realistic, urgent, and alive to the individual experiencing them. Hallucinations look real, but they are sensory experiences that are the result of the creation of the mind. They have the capability to impact all five senses. For instance, one may hear a voice that no one else in the chamber can hear, or they may see a false image. Mental illness, side effects of medications, or physical illnesses such as epilepsy and alcohol use can all cause these symptoms. These are the common types of hallucinations (Bauml, 2006).
- Auditory hallucination
People with schizophrenia are more likely to have hallucinations (often polyphonic) and other noises such as whispering and noise. The voice becomes angry or persistent and often makes demands on the person who is hallucinating. Someone may talk to them or tell them to do something specific. Voice tones can be aggressive, neutral, or warm. Hearing noises such as people walking in the attic, or persistent clicks and knocks, are cases of this type of hallucination.
- Tactile hallucinations
The Role of Nurses and Doctors in Mental Health Intervention and Treatment
Tactile hallucinations are unrealized perceptions of body movements and sensations. One feels that insects, bugs or anything is walking on their body.
- Visual hallucinations
Visual hallucinations occur when one sees something that isn’t there, a person, a light, or a pattern. It’s very painful to imagine the death of a loved one, a friend, or someone else they know. Perception can also change, making it difficult to determine distance. Visual hallucinations occur when they see something that doesn’t really exist. Hallucinations can be objects, visual patterns, people, or lights.
- Olfactory hallucination
Olfactory hallucination is when one has a good or unpleasant odour or taste that they don’t really have. This is especially harmful if the victims refuse to eat because they believe they have been poisoned.
Causes of hallucinations
- Mental health is one of the most common reasons of hallucinations. Some examples include schizophrenia, dementia and Lyrium.
- Another frequent cause of substance abuse hallucination is drug abuse. After drinking alcohol and drugs like cocaine, one was seen something that was not there. some drugs such as LSD and PCP can also cause hallucinations.
- Lack of sleep- Too little sleep can also cause hallucinations. If one hasn’t slept for a few days, or if one doesn’t get enough sleep for a long time, they may be prone to hallucinations. It is also possible to have hallucinations just before falling asleep. This is called hypnagogic hallucination, and just before waking up from sleep, it is called hypnagogic hallucination.
- Some medications used to treat physical and mental health problems can cause hallucinations. Medicines for Parkinson’s disease, depression, psychiatric disorders, and epilepsy can all cause hallucinations (Chaudhury, 2010).
According to Hielscher and others (2018), Despite the growing body of literature on psychotic involvements, no nationwide representative studies have reported the occurrence of hallucinogenic and paranoid experiences among Australian adolescents. In addition, although many studies have observed the relationship between mental experience with some demographic and clinical correlations, several variables still need to be examined, such as eating disorders and the number of hours of sleep. In multivariate analysis, both auditory and visual hallucinatory practices are related with an enlarged probability of four of these variables (depression, bullying, use of services, and poor sleep), but the connection with the delusional experience was mottled. Australian adolescents often experience hallucinations and delusions. In this population, hallucinatory practices rather than delusional experiences may be clinically related.
Medications- The treatment for hallucinations is totally dependent on the reason and is completely causal. If a person is experiencing hallucinations as a result of acute alcohol withdrawal, a doctor may give medicine to assist calm the nervous system. If hallucinations in a person with dementia are caused by Parkinson’s disease, this type of medication may not be effective, and other medications may be used instead. A correct diagnosis is critical for effective treatment of the illness (Hielscher et al., 2018).
Counselling- Counselling can be included in the treatment strategy. This is especially true when hallucinations are caused by mental health problems. Talking to a counsellor may help better understand what is happening in one’s life. Counsellors can also help develop coping strategies that are especially useful when one is feeling anxious or delusional.
Culturally safe and reverential practice is not a new perception. Nurses and midwives are expected to interact with all as individuals with cultural safety and respect, maintain open, honest and sympathetic proficient relationships, and uphold privacy and secrecy. Many medical institutions already provide cultural safety training to their employees. Cultural security requires caregivers to ponder their own expectations and culture in direction to work in a true partnership with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.
Psychoeducation is an important tool for knowing what is wrong with a patient and how the disease has progressed for the patient, caregiver, and colleagues. This is especially true for stigmatizing illnesses such as schizophrenia and stigmatizing events such as hallucinations. The majority believe that “listening” people are violent, unstable and should be imprisoned. The worries caused by hallucinations are significant and lead to many problems that need to be addressed. Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy help people deal with the personal level of anxiety caused by hallucinations. However, at the social level, the burden associated with hallucinations can be reduced. This means that if the public’s attitude towards hallucinations was not so negative and harmful, it would be very easy for people experiencing hallucinations to properly handle their experience (Reid et al., 2021).
Hallucinations: Types and Causes
Therefore, awareness campaigns for mental illness experiences for the general public, schools, and primary health care providers are important intervention tools. A brief mental health education session reduces the stigma attitude among a wide range of participants. The term psychoeducation is a series of systemic systems that effectively inform patients and their relatives about the illness and its treatment, enable understanding and responsible treatment of the illness, and assist those affected in dealing with the illness. Refers to a didactic psychotherapeutic intervention. Psychoeducation has its roots. Although it is behaviour therapy, the current concept also includes an element of client-centric therapy.
Psychoeducation groups allow participants to sit for a minimum of 40 minutes to 1 hour to represent their thoughts and educate others regarding their issues. These groups include several members helping to educate people regarding the causes and treatments for psychosis issues.
The goal of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in psychiatric patients is to decrease the agony and disability began by psychiatric indications, diminish an individual’s understanding of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric distress, and actively participate in the regulation of recurrence risk. This therapy is aimed to promote behavioural improvement and reduce social disability. The main focus of CBT is on.
(1) Development and maintenance of therapeutic relationships,
(2) Application of cognitive-behavioural coping strategies,
(3) Development of a new understanding of psychotic experiences,
(4) Coping with delusions and hallucinations,
(5) To negative ones Coping with self-assessment, anxiety, and depression includes self-assessment.
(6) Manage the risk of recurrence and social disability.
Although well-trained studies have had adverse results, studies suggest that CBT is a reasonably effective treatment for positive psychotic symptoms. However, few studies have explicitly addressed the beneficial effects of CBT on hallucinations. It turned out to be useful for some symptoms. One of the limitations of CBT is that treatment focuses on the response to hallucinations (such as discomfort) rather than dealing with the hallucinations themselves. In addition, CBT is more successful than conventional treatments in terms of depression, negative symptoms, and social functioning, but when compared to other treatments that require the same amount of individual attention by the therapist, The advantage is not very obvious. Lynch et al. reviewed data from published CBT studies in bipolar disorder, including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and control of nonspecific intervention effects. Studies on the prevention of recurrence, including studies comparing CBT with the standard of care, were also pooled. We investigated the role of blinding as a palliative factor. They concluded that CBT is not superior to nonspecific symptomatic treatment in the treatment of schizophrenia and does not reduce the rate of recurrence. Although small in effect size, CBT was beneficial in reducing symptoms and preventing the recurrence of major depression. In the case of bipolar disorder, CBT was found to be unsuccessful in preventing recurrence.
Conclusion
Hallucinations are often classified as psychotic symptoms. However, in non-psychotic situations, there is ample evidence to support hallucinations. The mechanism of these disorders, as well as their nosologically state, is still unknown. Because the perception of reality varies across cultures and the likelihood of culturally accepted hallucinations occurs, it is important to consider cultural context in assessing hallucinations. Along with effective pharmaceutical treatment, a better understanding of psychological treatments for hallucinations is needed, which can help to deal with intractable hallucinations.
References
AIHW. (2022). Mental health – Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 6 April 2022, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/mental-health
Bauml, J. (2006). Psychoeducation: A Basic Psychotherapeutic Intervention for Patients With Schizophrenia and Their Families. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(Supplement 1), S1-S9. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl017
Chaudhury, S. (2010). Hallucinations: Clinical aspects and management. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 19(1), 5. doi: 10.4103/0972-6748.77625
Davies, S.R., Caldwell, D.M., Lopez?Lopez, J.A., Dawson, S., Wiles, N., Kessler, D., Welton, N.J. & Churchill, R. (2018) The process and delivery of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for depression in adults: a network meta?analysis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018(10).
Hielscher, E., Connell, M., Lawrence, D., Zubrick, S., Hafekost, J., & Scott, J. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of psychotic experiences in a nationally representative sample of Australian adolescents. Australian &Amp; New Zealand Journal Of Psychiatry, 52(8), 768-781. doi: 10.1177/0004867418785036
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Park, S., Kim, J., Oh, J. & Ahn, S., (2020) Effects of psychoeducation on the mental health and relationships of pregnant couples: a systemic review and meta-analysis. International journal of nursing studies, 104, p.103439.
Reid, J., Laws, K., Drummond, L., Vismara, M., Grancini, B., Mpavaenda, D., & Fineberg, N. (2021). Cognitive behavioural therapy with exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 106, 152223. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152223
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