Efficient Bio-Hazard Waste Management System Proposal For Effective Management

Waste management issues with traditional techniques

In this paper, we are going to propose a waste management system which is capable of managing bio hazards which are produced by the living organism. The air and water pollution goes on increasing which causes the ecological imbalance in the working condition of the environment. The accumulation of the waste material in the nearby surroundings gives rise to many health problems in human and animals (Hossain, Balakrishanan, Rahman, Sarker, Kadir, 2012). The productivity of the agricultural field also gets affected due to increasing of bio waste which in turn have an adverse effect on the nation’s economy. The bio-hazard accumulation can cause a threat to the health issues to the common people due to the spreading of viral infection from the bio-medical hazardous waste. The bio-hazard should be disposed into the landfills created for managing the waste. The step should be taken to resolve the problems associated with the management of the waste. The purpose of this paper is to propose a waste management system which can comply with the management of bio waste accumulated in the environment. It is the right of every citizen that he should get fresh air to breathe and clean water to drink.  The disposing of the waste in the landfills is the general process which is equipped for managing the waste. From the recent study that there is a drastic change noticed in the accumulation of waste at global level which have a direct impact on the world’s economic condition. The recycling of the waste management helps in reducing the quantity of the waste collected. The technological explosion in the field of agriculture is the major reason for the growing rate of bio hazard due to the excessive utilization of pesticides and insecticides (Schulz, 2016). The biohazard waste is the waste which contains the content of biological agent who can cause an adverse effect on the environmental condition. The types of agents which are found in the biological hazards are bacteria, viruses, moulds, and parasites. These agents are so strong enough that the increasing growth in environment can cause death in the living organisms including human. The rate of health hazard is increasing at the global level which requires medical treatment. The medical bio hazardous waste is growing at much accelerated speed.  The effective system has to be designed which can minimize the growth of biological agent (Office of biosafety, 2013).

Bio-Hazard Waste Management System Proposal

The disposing of the waste in the landfills is the general process which is equipped for managing the waste. The problem which exists with traditional waste management technique is that it dispose both biodegradable and non-biodegradable in the landfills. The biodegradable waste get degrades with the passage of time whereas the non-biodegradable waste does not degrade and results in increasing the water and the air pollution content. The countermeasures should be taken for recycling of the biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Tonnes of waste get accumulated from the hospitals which have an adverse effect on the environment.

The aim of the research is to propose an efficient bio-hazard waste management system for effective management of waste accumulate in the surrounding area which gets releases from the hospitals.

The proposed research is designed for focusing on the impact of increasing bio-hazard on the health of the people. The innovative technology should be proposed for minimizing the effects of microbial elements and pathogens attached with the unit. The research objectives of the proposed study are stated below:

• Proposing the efficient solution of managing bio-hazard waste
• Effective management of bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste from medical centre
• Management of bio-hazard waste

The qualitative approach is used for collecting related information for proposing the effective technology for managing the bio-hazard waste collected from the different micro and macro sources. The analysis of the literature review helps in exploring the knowledge in context to the researches carried out in managing waste produced from medical services.

Interviews:

The interviews are arranged with the high professionals and experts of the medical industry for collecting the views, opinions, ideas, and thoughts on the adverse effect caused by the accumulation of bio-hazard waste collected such as plaster, needles, body organs, and others. During the interview, it has been asked that the most preferred technology for the management of bio-waste utilized by their medical centre. The experts also focus on the limitation of the technology which their medical centre uses for managing the bio waste.

Questionnaire:

The process of questionnaire has been organized with the group of expert to analyse their views on the limitation of the traditional waste management system. The formulation of ideas associated with the technology of waste management system which helps in reducing the association of pathogens and microbes with the waste. The pros and cons of the traditional system can be analysed.

The survey on medical centre helps in analysing the methods which they prefer for differentiating the collection of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste generated from the medical services.

The analysis and study of the literature reviews helps in analysing the researches which are carried out in the field of managing the bio-hazard so that minimize their impact on the health of the human due to the attack of biological agent, pathogens, and microbes associated with the waste accumulated in the region.

Major and Minor Sources of Bio-Hazard Waste

The proposal of the waste management system should be based on the analysis of the waste accumulated from the micro and macro sources of the health industry. The association of the microbes with the contaminated waste can increases the chance of infection to occur.  The contagious diseases are growing at a very fast rate depends on the accumulation of biohazard waste. The inefficiency of the traditional system should be taken for proposing the new system of waste management system which is autoclave unit with sterilizer (Engineering and consulting firm, 2010). The limitation of the tradition system should be removed in the newly designed autoclave system which is capable of removing them microbes and pathogens associated with the bio-waste by supplying high heating temperature of about 121 degree centigrade. The high temperature and atmospheric pressure helps in eliminating the microbes from the waste unit loaded in the system. The environmental condition can be improved by removing the presence of pollutant in the air by reducing the content of hydrocarbon, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. The segregation is the important step in differentiating the biodegradable and non-biodegradable content in the waste accumulated from micro and macro level of medical sources. The innovation in trend and technology increases the pollution level which is major cause of poor health of the people. The increasing demand of medical services increased the amount of bio-hazard waste. The autoclave unit is effective for managing the bio-hazard waste and converting the bio-hazard waste into sterilizing product which can be used for recycling it into by-product.

The biohazard waste is the waste which contains the content of biological agent who can cause an adverse effect on the environmental condition. The types of agents which are found in the biological hzards are bacteria, viruses, moulds, and parasites. These agents are so strong enough that the increasing growth in environment can cause death in the living organisms including human. The bio hazards are divided into four categories which are classified as solid biohazard waste, liquid bio-hazard waste, sharp biohazard waste, and pathological biohazard waste (Invercargill, 2014).

Solid Biohazard waste: These are the bio-fluids from the living organisms. It can be petri-dishes, linens, towel, and etc. Scalpels and needles should be collected separately. The containers with autoclave bags should be used for collecting the solid waste by marking them with biohazard symbol. The regular decontamination of solid waste should be done in the landfills (World Bank, 2013).

Steps in Bio-Hazard Waste Management Process

Liquid Bio-Hazardous waste: The infection biological agent get accumulated in the liquid bio-hazardous waste produced from the living organisms. Chemical treatment should be applied on the management of Liquid Bio-Hazardous waste by making use of autoclaving bleach.

Sharp Bio-Hazardous waste: Scalpels and needles should be collected separately for disposal. The leak proof container should be used for dumping into the landfills.

Pathological Bio Hazard waste: The pathological waste should be removed from the living organism body because the attack of bio agent can cause adverse effect on the health condition of the human being. The chemical treatment is required without autoclaving of the leak proof containers (Squirres, 2006).

The major sources which are responsible for generating the bio-hazard waste are categorised as waste produced from hospital, dispensaries, public and private health centre, paramedical service centre, medical colleges, blood banks, Biotech colleges, veterinary colleges, and other production unit of medical services (Athena Infonomics, 2013).

Minor sources of Bio hazard Waste:

Minor sources which are responsible for generating the bio-hazard waste are categorised as private clinics of the doctors, slaughtering of the animal field, camps organised for blood donation, organization of the vaccination centre, cosmetic piercing services, traditional customers related to funeral ceremony of the human being, and medical equipment related to disabled persons (Shanghai manual, 2014).

The hospitals are providing various medical services to the people who are suffering from underpinning of health issues. The effective management is requirement for managing te waste accumulated from the medical services. The treatment of bio-hazard is required for preventing injuries caused due to the improper handling of sharp objects like scalper and needles. The biohazard waste can cause nosocomial infection to the disabled person. The bio-hazard accumulation can cause a threat to the health issues to the common people due to the spreading of viral infection from the bio-medical hazardous waste. The bio-hazard should be disposed into the landfills created for managing the waste. There is the high intensity of causing infection due to the accumulative growth of the waste body parts, body organs, blood packets, plasters, and others (Karamouz, Zahraie, Kerachian, Jaafarzadeh, and Mahjouri, 2013).

The management of bio-hazard is an important steps to make the society free from viral infection. The steps which constitutes the bio-hazard waste management process are collection of waste from different macro and micro sources, implementation of segregation process, storage and transportation of waste hazard to different location for treatment, disposal and treatment of the process, final disposition of the proposed project, and undergone bio hazard waste treatment.

The biohazard waste management process is comprised of various processes such as setting of atmospheric pressure, temperature, and sterilizing capacity of the autoclave model.

The 4R process is used for managing the distribution of the waste biomass which are named as refuse focuses on eliminating the product which are not in use, reduce focuses on reducing the content for loading into the installed unit, reuse focuses on cleaning the environment, recycle focuses on converting the bio-degradable waste into effective bio-product (Hand In Hand, 2013). The segregation process is used for managing the storage of biodegradable and non-biodegradable into different bins. It helps in minimizing the labour cost. Best effective technology will be chosen for treating the bio-waste for minimizing it (Marczak, 2016). The non-biodegradable should be transported and disposed to the nearest landfill point. The figure below shows the management of waste:

The proposal for managing the non-biodegradable bio waste is to make use of autoclaving technical to them. The sterilizing of the non-biodegradable bio waste helps in eliminating the biological agents which can attack on the waste. It is the effective technique to handle the risks associated with the non-biodegradable bio waste produced from medical services (Nadeem, 2012).

The development of the centralised autoclave system is helpful in managing the operational issues of the medical facilities. The autoclave system helps in reducing the carbon content in the environment which can be raised due to the growth of medical bio-hazard waste (Melanen, 2013). The problem raised by the biohazards can be effectively managed by applying bleaching through the autoclave system on the non-biodegradable hazards. The accuracy of the project can be achieved by initializing the monopoly implied on the bio-waste produced from the medical services and hospitals. The centralised system is required for the installation of autoclave process for managing the bio-waste which can have adverse effect on the health of the growing population. The energy consumption on managing the bio-hazard waste can be reduced by implementing the centralized autoclave system. The consumption of energy which can reduce are electricity and demand of ventilation. The manpower can be effectively managed on the elimination of the higher price equipment for the management of waste produced. The increasing growth of the biomedical hazards requires an effective treatment of sterilizing and autoclaving by the installation of autoclave system at the cetral location.

The autoclave procedures can effectively managed the bio-hazardous waste through the inclusion of sterilization process. The monitoring of the process can be effectively laid down by operator of autoclave units, sterilizer for handling municipal waste, and cleaning of the environment. 

The initialization of the autoclaving system with the sterilizer is required to follow the guidelines of general autoclave system for the effective management of bio-hazardous waste. The proposed autoclave model should work in accordance with the municipal community, and central board of health department. The biosafety manuals should be taken under consideration for the deployment of sterilizer in the working process of waste management system. The training program should be arranged for guiding the use of autoclave safety system (Invercargill, 2014).

The log sheet and log books are prepared with the initialization of standard operating procedures (SOP) used for handling the bio-waste management. The SOP system is used for providing the guidelines for providing the details of required cycle time for completing the waste management operation. It provides all the details in relation to the temperature, required pressure, type of waste, use of required containers, loading pattern of the waste, content of water required, and maximum waste which can be managed and sterilised in one autoclave cycle.

The autoclave manuals and guidelines should be followed for managing the one autoclave cycle to get effective management of bio-waste. The bio-hazardous waste can be effectively managed at the temperature of 121 degree centigrade. The loading of the waste management helps in compacting the waste. The one cycle time of autoclave system is completed within the range of 60 to 90 minutes. The loads can managed on autoclave system by sterilizing process of 90 minutes.

The following table helps in providing guidelines for the process of sterilizing process in autoclave system for managing the bio-hazardous waste collected from the medical services and hospitals.

The autoclaving system is the energy efficient technology for managing the growth of pathogens on the contaminated waste accumulated from the hospitals and other medical centres. The process of sterilising helps in reducing the hydrocarbon contents in the bio hazard waste which is loaded into the autoclave unit for removing pathogens and compaction for making used in recycling process for converting it into by-products. The sterilization process is effective for managing the carbon content and other biological agent in the waste accumulated in the loaded part. The proposed technology is helpful for eliminating the cost which is spent on managing maintenance and operational procedure for long term sustainability of the process of waste management for the hospitals. The government can easily approve the funds for the deployment of energy conservation technology. It is the eco-friendly process for differentiating the biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste produced from the medical micro and macro sources. The safety capital alteration funds can be easily approved by the state government on the implementation of the autoclave unit (Umwelt, 2015).

The glass and the metal tubes are used for loading the bio waste in the autoclave unit. The autoclave bags are made up of polypropylene for handling sterilized waste after the completion of 90 minutes of heating process. The sterilized material which is collected after the completion of 90 minutes process of heating can be stored in the polypropylene bags for making by-products for commercial purposes. It is the eco-friendly process of maintaining effective balance with the waste produced from the medical centre (Karlsson and Soder, 2013).

There is various alternating solution to the bio hazard waste management process which are classified as follows:

The incineration is the technology which is used for providing high temperature to the waste for converting the inert material to the gaseous form. The electrical supply helps in managing the high power and temperature of the system. This process is effective for managing the type of bio hazard related to multiple hearth, kiln, and type of air. The combustion chambers are installed for managing the adequate temperature for handling of the waste.

 This technology is effective for managing the bio hazard related to thermal and biological processes. The application of thermal and biological treatment on the waste helps in destroying the pathogens attached to the contaminated bio hazard waste accumulated from the hospital and medical services

This technology works on the principle of generating high frequency wave to eliminate the pathogens which are associated with the biological waste. The vibration of the particles helps in analysing the frequency of the waves which are required to remove the pathogen from the contaminated biological waste. The heating by applying high waves helps in eliminating the virus, bacteria, and pathogen from the accumulated waste in the surrounding.

The addition of chemical integrator is an effective process for managing the pathogens associated with the bio hazard waste accumulated from the medical services and hospitals centre. The hydrochloride solution is the effective chemical integrator for managing the contamination of the bio hazard.

This is the effective technology of managing the waste accumulated from different sources at micro and macro level. It is the eco-friendly technology for converting biodegradable into productive by-products through the process of recycling. This process is effective for managing the gases released in the decomposition of the bio waste which are carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and the compounds of hydrocarbon (Arshad, Nayyar, Amin, Mahmood, 2011). The reliability of the process can be improved by matching the amount of temperature required for developing the effective system for the complete process of waste handling and management system. 1200 degree centigrade temperature is supplied to the plasma pyrolysis process for the burning of gases related to carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and the compounds of hydrocarbon.

The learning outcome of the proposed technology and the alternating solution helps in analysing that the autoclave unit is most effective in the management of bio-hazard waste because it helps in minimizing the labour cost and others (Environmental Health and Safety, 2018). The content of hydrocarbon, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide can be effectively managed and removed from the waste which is uploaded in the autoclave unit. The steriliser units of the complete system help in eliminating the association of the pathogen with the waste unit. The spore testing can be applied on the autoclave unit for inspecting the microbial content present in the bio waste which is uploaded in the autoclave unit. The use of chemical integrator is the first step for removing the pathogen (University of Alberta, 2016). The application of the steam sterilising unit helps in destroying the microbes from the content by applying high temperature on the garbage.

The application of energetics steam solution to the autoclave unit is used for raising the temperature from 24 degree centigrade to 100 degree centigrade. The 540 Kcal is accumulated in the form of latent heat of vaporization for removing the pathogens and microbes from the units. The effective result of sterilizing can be achieved at 121 degree centigrade and 103 Pascal unit atmospheric pressure.  The sterilized material is the outcome of the autoclave unit. In this process,  glass and the metal tubes are used for loading the bio waste in the autoclave unit. The autoclave bags are made up of polypropylene for handling sterilized waste after the completion of 90 minutes of heating process. The sterilized material which is collected after the completion of 90 minutes process of heating can be stored in the polypropylene bags for making by-products for commercial purposes.

The excessive burns can take place to the participating unit while handling the temperature of 121 degree centigrade of the autoclave unit. The releasing of high pressure can cause hazardous injuries  to the participants.

The budget which is required for the installation of the autoclave unit with the sterilizer for managing bio-hazard waste produced from the medical centre.

It is recommended that the efficiency of the proposed system of autoclave process can be improved by the proper management of waste accumulated from different units of medical services and hospitals. Every hospital should be equipped with the dustbins for differentiating between biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste produced from macro and micro sources. The mixing of the bio hazard should not be done with the municipal waste (Aggarwal, Choudhary, and Singh, 2015). The chemical integrator should be applied at the waste stage of managing waste accumulated from the medical centres. The housekeeping staff should wear effective protection techniques for managing with the bio hazard such as gloves and masks for preventing infection. The legislation obligation s should be resolved at first hand for the implementation of the proposed project of autoclave units incorporated with the sterilizers for heating the bio waste at the temperature of 121 degree centigrade to remove the pathogen, viruses, and bacteria associated with the contaminated bio waste of the health centre. The labelling of the bio-hazard waste is an important steps for the disposing of the non-biodegradable to the landfills and bio-degradable to the sterilizer for removing pathogens and other biological agents which can cause infection during the process of recycling the bio waste for converting them into by-products. The autoclave unit is effective for managing the bio-hazard waste and converting the bio-hazard waste into sterilizing product which can be used for recycling it into by-product.

Conclusion

From the above discussion, we can conclude that autoclave unit with sterilizer is most effective technique for managing bio-hazard waste in comparison to the other technologies which are taken under consideration. The sterilized material which is collected after the completion of 90 minutes process of heating can be stored in the polypropylene bags for making by-products for commercial purposes. The steps which constitutes the bio-hazard waste management process are collection of waste from different macro and micro sources, implementation of segregation process, storage and transportation of waste hazard to different location for treatment, disposal and treatment of the process, final disposition of the proposed project, and undergone bio hazard waste treatment. The effective result of the autoclave unit can be achieved by setting temperature at 121 degree centigrade and atmospheric pressure at 103 Pascal. The application of thermal and biological treatment on the waste helps in destroying the pathogens attached to the contaminated bio hazard waste accumulated from the hospital and medical services. The sterilization process is effective for managing the carbon content and other biological agent in the waste accumulated in the loaded part. The proposed technology is helpful for eliminating the cost which is spent on managing maintenance and operational procedure for long term sustainability of the process of waste management for the hospitals.

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