Discussion
According to the World health organization, about 15 % of the aged population suffers from mental disorders with depression and dementia accounting for most of the co morbidities in older adults (Anderson et al., 2015). According to WHO reports, about 7 % of the elderly suffer from unipolar disorder, which is associated to living 5.7 % of the years living with disability.Electroconvulsive therapy is a standardized treatment that involves electrical stimulation of the nervous system to treat mental health disorders (Kellner et al., 2016). This report would focus on the effectiveness of ECT treatment supported by literary evidences followed by the probable side effects. The report would further focus on the physiological, psychological, socio-political and the epidemiological implications of this intervention.
Discussion
With the increased ageing population, the elderly adults with mental health disorders are also increasing. In the field of mental health care prevention, efforts have capacity to decrease the health care costs, decrease the incidence of the mental illness and enhancing the functioning and the wellbeing of elderly patients (Leggett & Zarit, 2014). Many studies are of the opinion that mental health disorders can be a normal part of ageing but not all the aged people suffer from mental health disorders. Some of the most common mental health illnesses experienced by the older adults are depression, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorders. There is a varied range of therapies for the treating the elderly population with mental health disorders (Zhang et al., 2015).
It should be noted that medication related side effects are more likely to occur in the elderly population. The adverse effects of the psychotropic medications increase with the age due to the normal physiological processes of ageing. This is due to the changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the psychotropic medications. Hence, there is a need for safer treatment for treating elderly patients with severe mental disorders.
Electroconvulsive therapy can be considered as one of the oldest treatment used in all age group patients. With years, the ECT technique has refined itself reducing the associated risks (Kellner et al., 2016). As the Australian population continues to age the usage and the safety of the electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly patients has become an important clinical issue.
ECT is normally a treatment of choice for the older adults whose depression symptoms are presented with life threatening behaviors or symptoms like feeling of suicidal or refusing to eat, or in elderly patients with psychotic disorder or catatonia (Zhang et al., 2015). Other symptoms where ECT can be used are severe bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar mania or schizoaffective disorder (Bjølseth et al., 2013). ECT can also be effective in case of certain neurodegenerative diseases like neurolkeptic malignant syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, dementia with severe clinical depression. Patients suffering from less severe types of depressions are also referred for ECT when they are not responding to any kind of pharmacotherapeutics (Bjølseth et al., 2013).
There had been refinement in the treatment techniques from sin waves to pulse waves, use of bilateral to unilateral electrodes, use of muscle relaxants, monitoring of the seizure by cuff method to electroencephalogram seizures (Ramalingam et al., 2015). The types of the anesthetic agents during ECT have also improved to ensure safety of the people with co morbid conditions.
Types of Treatment for Elderly Patients with Mental Health Disorders
Evidence from randomized control trials have suggested that ECT is very effective in treating depression in the elderly patients in the acute phases. Data from a randomized control trial have reported that ECT is found to be more effective when it is being used in thrice a week ECT. There are further data that suggested that high dose; fixed right unilateral ECT is linked to faster response (Zhang et al., 2015). There are studies that evaluated the relapse rate in patients undergoing ECT. A prospective study based unipolar depressed patients; lower risk of relapse has been noted in the ECT completers.
Two randomized blind study comparing the relapse rate between one group maintaining nortriptyline and another group with combined ECT plus nortriptyline. After the two years treatment, relapse rate was found to be significantly higher in the nortriptyline group than the one receiving combined treatment (Grover & Somaiya, 2017).
Although ECT is normally safe and is normally used in elderly patients with severe mental disorder, its use in many patients is still considered controversial by the general population and some of the clinicians. Many retrospective studies have shown that ECT is relatively safe and effective for the elderly people. A study by Grover & Somaiya, (2017), have found that elderly people with greater physical illness and mental issues tolerated ECT along with the adolescents or the younger people.
Epidemiological implications
ECT was originally used to treat schizophrenia in older adults. Its effectiveness for the treatment of clinical depression was discovered in the year 1941 (Lesage et al., 2013). ECT spread rapidly from Europe to the other countries, because of the second world war displacement of the psychiatrists. Worldwide about one million of people receive ECT annually. Despite of the clinical guidelines provided, variations in the treatment are found to differ from countries and the regions. A study by Leiknes, Schweder & Høie (2012), have stated that in New Zealand number of persons treated with ECT per year is about 10,000. It appears that there is a paucity of the updated ECT reviews and surveys about ECT.
Physiological implications of ECT in geriatric patients
Most of the risk associated to ECT is linked with anesthesia dosages and the physiological impacts of the induced seizure. Clinicians should have a prior knowledge of these effects on the cardiovascular and the nervous system for anticipating complications and minimizing the risk prior to the procedure.
After the electrical stimulus, there is a short period of parasympathetic discharge that can be accompanied by a short span of asystole and a decrease of the blood pressure at the tonic phase, which is again followed by an intense sympathetic surge at the time of the clonic phase (Ramalingam et al., 2015). During this phase, the pulse rate and the blood pressure may increase substantially causing an increase in the cerebral blood flow and a transient augmentation in the intracranial, intragastric and intraoccular pressure. One of the rare complications for ECT is aspiration pneumonia, but the risk of this condition is nowadays reduced by fasting and the provision of an antacid or by the help of endotrachial intubation with cricoid pressure (Anderson et al., 2015).
Effectiveness of ECT in Elderly Patients with Mental Health Disorders
However mild complications like headache can occur. Bradycardia can occur due to the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system (Verwijk et al., 2014). At the time of the seizures, activation of the sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate and the blood pressure, which might give rise to cardiac arrhythmias rarely. No evidences of mortality have been found associated to ECT.
However, in this age electrocardiogram and chest X ray should be a routine. The laboratory tests should include a metabolic panel with electrolytes, a urinalysis and a complete blood count testing. Ramalingam et al. (2015), have emphasized on the conduction of a baseline cognitive assessment test such as Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), prior to the treatment. Grover and Somaiya (2017), have reviewed the assessment and the management of cardiovascular diseases in ECT patients and have found that with proper screening ECT can be used safely.
Psychological implications of ECT
Some of the side effects related to electroconvulsive therapy are, prolonged confusion. Compared to the younger patients, the elderly patients are more vulnerable to the amnesia at the end of the treatment. a systematic review have suggested that ECT is associated to increased rate of postictal and interictal cognitive impairment, but no such long term effects have been detected in ECT. However, it is normal that the elderly populations are more likely to suffer from the adverse reactions in comparison to the other age groups (Grover & Somaiya, 2017). Delirium is mostly noted in the elderly patients, especially those suffering from dementia. However, the American task force association has identified certain risk factors of ECT in elderly patients. They are- Recent incident of myocardial infarction (less than three months), intracranial lesions or any cerebro-vascular accident (Dybedal et al, 2014).
According to Verwijk et al. (2014), cognitive impairments has no effect on the treatment outcome of the ECT. There are some literary evidences that show that preexisting cognitive impairment can be linked with higher rates of confusion. Only five prospective studies were found to have assessed the effect of ECT on dementia patients suffering from depression. In a study, 21 patients having dementia with depression were evaluated with 85 patients without dementia and depression (Dybedal et al, 2014). Confusion or delirium was found in patients with severe dementia. Most of the studies have proved that post ECT confusion is related to the severity of dementia. Again, in a study by Charlson et al.
Involving 30 elderly patients, Use of ECT has been associated with improvement in the cognitive function in the group experiencing cognitive impairment before ECT. In terms of medical illness, ECT has been found to be effective in patients having depression after the stroke with the response rate differing from 57 % to 95 %. The contraindications to the use of ECT are the presence of central nervous system lesions with an increase in the intracranial pressure (Dybedal et al, 2014).
Elderly patients have been found to be suffering from short-term amnesia right after the completion of the ECT therapy. Plakiotis, Chin and O’connor (2014), have found that the elderly ECT patients are easily exhausted by the time consuming measures of the retrograde amnesia. Verwijk et al. (2014), have found an executive functional declination in elderly patients shortly after the ECT treatment. Some of the studies have referred to reduced phonetic fluency in the elderly people after receiving an ECT. The verbal fluency test can be regarded as an important indicator of the cognitive functions. Low scores in this test can be caused due to the reduction in the verbal attention and disrupted verbal long-term memory (Plakiotis, Chin & O’connor, 2014). Overall, very few studies have been found correlating any changes in mood and cognition in elderly patients receiving ECT.
Controversies Surrounding ECT in Elderly Patients
Socio-political effect
Until 1992, New Zealand did not have any provisions regarding the use of ECT. however after that, New Zealand’s Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992 contained a section that dealt with the regulations involving the provisions for ECT (Anderson et al., 2015). According to the law, ECT should be given to patient after an informed consent from the patient himself or from the family members of severely ill patients. The section 60 of the NZMH act has made special provisions for ECT.
Under the act, an ECT treatment should be commenced with only after recommended by a registered psychiatrist, who has been appointed by the review tribunal for this purpose. According to the New Zealand laws, ECT should be administered with reasonable skills and care or without any negligence (Anderson et al., 2015). All the health care professionals providing ECT should abide by the legal, professional, ethical and other relevant standards. RANZCP guidelines should be strictly followed (Anderson et al., 2015). A patient or any person might lodge complaints to the Health and Disability Commissioner, if they found that the codes of rights has been breached.
Ethical issues might arise in ECT application. The cognitive wellbeing of a mental patient can be severely compromised due to which a patient might not be able to take any decision (Ottosson & Fink, 2012). Hence, the administration of ECT to a patient, who is involuntarily institutionalized is ethically complex and delicate (Macdonald, 2012).
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that most of the literary sources have validated the usefulness of Electroconvulsive therapy in treating severe mental disorder in dementia patients. Although there are some studies that have indicated towards some physiological and cognitive implication of ECT, much of the complications have been reduced at present times due to the refinement of the ECT procedures and the anesthetic treatment. The report had also provided an insight to the legal guidelines involved with the procedure to ensure safety administration of ECT among the older people with mental disorders. However, more refinement in the procedures can be anticipated to mitigate the post ECT symptoms.
References
Anderson, C., Skegg, P., Wilson, R., Hackett, M., Snelling, J., & Grover, A. (2015). Use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in New Zealand: a review of efficacy, safety and regulatory controls. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health.
Bjølseth, T. M., Engedal, K., Benth, J. Š., Dybedal, G. S., Gaarden, T. L., & Tanum, L. (2015). Clinical efficacy of formula-based bifrontal versus right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of major depression among elderly patients: a pragmatic, randomized, assessor-blinded, controlled trial. Journal of affective disorders, 175, 8-17.
Charlson, F., Siskind, D., Doi, S. A., McCallum, E., Broome, A., & Lie, D. C. (2012). ECT efficacy and treatment course: a systematic review and meta-analysis of twice vs thrice weekly schedules. Journal of affective disorders, 138(1-2), 1-8.
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