Inclusion of Populations with Limited Intellectual Capacity
A research project can included a population who is low in intellect in the scientific studies, which are trails. For example, the study conducted by Pahor et al. (2014) was to study the effect of the physical activity on the decreasing the major mobility disability of the older adults through the use of the randomized control trail. Thus is can be said that such studies not to demands the level of intellect of the participants as the majority of the analysis is done by the scientific experts. The study conducted by Ley et al. (2014) was aimed towards management of type 2 diabetes through regulation of the diet plan. Here comes the importance of the level of intellect of the participants. If the participants were not intelligent enough they will fail to understand the importance of the adherence of any specific diet plan and thereby helping to decrease the level of adherence. DeYoung et al. (2014) are of the opinion that in order to avoid or reduce the risk of recruiting individuals with limited intellectual capacity, proper education of the selected sample population is important. This help to increase their knowledge about the scope of the research and thereby helping to reduce the risk. In order to include the participants with the language barrier or having a different dialect in a case study, a constant presence of the interpreter is important. The study conducted by Artuso et al. (2013), are of the opinion that in case of conducting the research with the aboriginal group of participants, the presence of an interpreter from the aboriginal origin is important. It not only helps their overall participation in the research but also helps them to understand the flow of the research and the research progress. Fitzpatrick et al. (2017) are of the opinion in case recruiting the patients with hearing loss, use of images or pictures or the use of hearing aids finds significance. Henshaw and Ferguson (2013) conducted a systematic review in order to study that how the computer-based auditory training is helpful for the patients with hearing loss. The incorporation of the people who are suffering from hearing loss is important is order to study that how implementation of the certain interventions help to increase their quality of life or way of living. However, the in-corporation of a population who is suffering from hearing loss requires certain parameter. These parameters are guided by presence of the family-members of the person who is suffering from hearing loss and is recruited in the study. The presence of the family members make them feel secured and safe thus increasing their level of co-operation. Moreover, use of sign language, pictures, and other moving image also help them to get involved in the study. Overall it can be said that level of comfort and the sense of identity, dignity and respect must be maintain all the groups of populations who are included in any research study and this parameter has no divergence when selected group of individual have communication problem, dialect problem, lack of intellect and hearing loss.
Importance of Interpretation Services and Family Support
The first ethical issues that come into considerations are conflict of interest. A conflict of interest (COI) is defined as a situation under which an organization or a person who is involved under more than one interest like financial or others. One of these interests might have a corrupt the motivation or the decision-making process of that particular individual or an organization towards that interest is not legal. These illegal or corrupt intensions in business give rise of conflict of interest with the other partners. The presence of conflict of interest is independent of the occurrence of the impropriety. Thus, conflict of interest can be discovered and then can be voluntarily defused before occurrence of any corruptions. Thus, when a research project is funded by a private organization or through corporate dollars, the conflict of interests can arrive (Gallin & Ognibene, 2012). For example, in case of personalized medicines (PM), apparently it seems that the premise of molecularly targeted PM should coincide with the requirement to promote the patient’s autonomy and to do good via minimizing the harm. The extraction of the further diagnostic knowledge for requirement of ascertaining positive outcome of the treatment and proper screening of the patients for the predictive molecular signature is associated with higher level of predisposition towards drug toxicities. However, PM with an approach towards making patient centered medicines hampers the autonomy of the patients. This is the main root for the generation of conflict of interest. For example, the corporate bodies or other privately funding authorities, force the scientists to conduct research on the domain of personalized medicines. This is because, personalized medicines once invented and found to be successful and fetch their business huge profit as they will patent on that medicines. But the scientists are tied by the ethics of the research and at times are apprehensive in going against this and thus creating an ethical turmoil (Lewis, Lipworth & Kerridge, 2014).
Another ethical constrain that comes into consideration is the lack of proper experienced representatives or independent institutional review boards in the corporate or the privately funding bodies. According to Crossley and Vulliamy (2013), in case of genetic engineering research, inclusion of any organism, like the mice, guinea pigs or any other rodents not only requires permission from the animal ethical community of the respective countries but also a detailed review of the research proposal. It is used to verify whether it is observing all the ethical considerations of the research. However, a research, which is funded by the private or the corporate bodies, did not follow such strong ethical guidelines, as they do not have any personal review boards. This lack of preview of the research proposal creates a huge ethical barrier in research ethics.
Another main ethical guideline of conducting research is minimization of risk to research participants. However, the corporate funding bodies or the private funding bodies are always in a hurry to complete their research. This a reason why they select the population who are already living under the high-risk condition and this leads to the violation of the ethical guidelines of the research (Clayton et al., 2014).
Conflict of Interest in Private Funded Research
“A lie goes halfway around the world while the truth is still pulling on its pants”. This old saying has prominent significance when it comes to social media, the truth barely can open the door to move out. The study conducted by Bode and Vraga (2018) in order to study social media sharing patterns with a focus on the content of Zika virus outbreak, highlighted that incorrect reports about the Zika virus are more likely to be shared online in comparison to the correct reports. The study of Bode and Vraga (2018) stated that although 81% of the posts about the Zika were correct, the remaining 19% were inaccurate or mainly communicated theories of conspiracy. Out of this 19%, 12% were mis-leading. Like few articles suggested that Zika was a hoar or a plot that is used to depopulate the citizens of the developing world. The in-accurate posts are more likely to be shared exponentially in comparison to the correct news. Thus, people who believed that Zika is a hoax would unlikely to take minimal precautions, which are recommended by the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. Petersen et al. (2016) stated that in-appropriate messages about the Zika virus might lead to lack of proper awareness about the Zika virus. It might also lead to lack of initiatives among the population in taking protective measures to prevent the spread of the Zika virus infection. According to Monaghan et al. (2016), the outbreak of the Zika virus in American is now consider as the “Global Emergency” by WHO. Monaghan et al. (2016) stated that Zika virus is now pandemic in the Latin America. Thus, it can be said that increase in the spread of the Zika virus followed by the lack of mass awareness or inappropriate news about the Zika virus might lead to spread of the Zika virus by epidemic. It might lead to huge loss of life. However, the Zika virus infection is a public health emergency Zika virus is monkeys. The main mode of transmission of the Zika virus included vertical transmission from mother to the fetus, through sexual intercourse. The conditions are equally alarming even if the infected person is asymptomatic. Other mode of transmission includes transmission through blood transfusion, laboratory exposure and through occupational stress. Lack of proper awareness of inappropriate information might lead to unprotected sex with an Zika virus infected individuals leading to rapid spread of the spread. Moreover, lack of proper awareness might lead to the confusion with the common symptoms of the Zika virus infection with other viral flu. Some of the common symptoms of the Zika virus are headache, fever, rash, muscle pain, joint pain and conjunctivitis (Katler et al., 2017).
The main medical protocol that will be discussed in this section is the use of metformin for the type 2 diabetes management. According to the research backed medical protocol, medformin is an old but still the best treatment for the management of the type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rojas and Gomes (2013) stated that the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) demands aggressive treatment in order to achieve proper glycemic control and to reduce the cardio-vascular risk factors associated with T2DM. Metformin is used as anti-hyperglycemic medication in order to lower the blood glucose level in the body. Apart from reducing the glycemic load of the body, the medication also helps in reduction other complications, which are associated with diabetes like endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, hemostasis, lipid re-distribution and insulin resistance. These properties help to decrease adverse cardio-vascular outcomes associated with the development of diabetes. Moreover, Inzucchi et al. (2015) are of the opinion that though other anti-diabetic pills have been introduced in the market, the role and the responsibility of the metformin are indispensible. Metformin has been found to produce negligible risk of hypo-glycemia in the process of monotherapy and also found to generate fewer drug reactions in the clinical trial and this found to increase the level of efficacy of metformin (Rojas & Gomes, 2013). So all these above-mentioned points can be considered to be the pros or advantages of the valid medical protocols, the use of metformin against the management of diabetes (.
Lack of Independent Institutional Review Boards in Private Funded Research
However, the prolong use of the metformin for the management of T2DM has its share of disadvantages leading to the poor patient’s outcome. Metformin cannot be regarded as the universal medical protocol for the management of the T2DM. The application of metformin can bring in debilitating effects in patients who are suffering from other complications other than diabetes. For example, the research conducted by Dujic et al. (2016) highlighted that the use of the metformin is among the patients who are suffering from gastro-intestinal complications can bring in additional side-effects. The patients who are suffering from the gastro-intestinal complications lead to the production of the organic cat-ion transporter, which increases the level of metformin intolerance. As a results, the metformin though administered within the body, prove to be ineffective. The unused metformin bring in several negative side effects. Dujic et al. (2016) proposed for more personalized approach for the use of metformin for the treatment of the T2DM. Tso et al. (2014) further stated that there is no valid scientific evidence behind the use of metformin among the pregnant women who have attained pregnancy through in-vitro fertilization (IVF). According to Tso et al. (2014), there are no conclusive evidences regarding the application of metformin among the IVF women in order to increase the birth rate. Moreover, metformin has found to produce no effect towards increasing the birth rate among the women who have PCOs (poly-cystic ovaries) and also have T2DM. Increase of metformin might lead to further insulin desensitization. Thus, it can be considered as the negative outcome behind the use of the metformin.
Here comes the importance of the concept of the personalized medical protocols for treating patients from different phenotypic and genotypic background.
References
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Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2018). See something, say something: Correction of global health misinformation on social media. Health communication, 33(9), 1131-1140.
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