First article
First article
Carr, Barnidge, Lee and Tsang (2014)
1).Carr, M. Barnidge, B. Lee and S. Tsang, “Cynics and Skeptics: Evaluating the credibility of mainstream and citizen journalism”, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 452-470, 2014.
2).I found the paper in the Google Scholar using the keywords, “Journalism”, “media credibility”, “cynism”, “skeptics” as I wanted to understand the perception of the news credibility.
3).Yes, the article is peer-reviewed as it is published in the SAGE journal. Since 1965, SAGE has employed peer review. Each paper follows the peer review policy given in the submission guidelines.
4).The first author work in the Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove in the US and the other three authors work in the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
5).The paper tells about the high expertise of the authors as it is written with excellence and mastery over the topic. The paper is written by an expert in the same field as it contains all the research elements. It demonstrated intensive study being conducted. Experts in the same field review the paper.
6).The paper was about identifying the perceptions about the credibility of the citizen journalism and mainstream media. There is an increase in the citizen-generated news. It is questionable as to how the interaction with the individual predisposition and the new sources occur. Therefore, the study conducted the web-based experiment, for examining the impact of the individual predispositions towards the politics and media on the perceived credibility of the mainstream and citizen journalism. As per results, there is an occurrence of interaction between the media skepticism and political cynicism. Citizen journalism is perceived as credible by the cynics and skeptics. On the contrary, the mainstream journalism is perceived to be more credible by non-cynics and non-skeptic.
7).This paper is similar to the paper by Lee (2018) on trust and credibility in news media, where the results showed that the Americans have declining confidence in the new media. The politicians do not find the media to be authentic or credible and that there is a drop in confidence internet news.
8).This paper is different to other paper by Ardèvol-Abreu et al. (2017) that demonstrated the impact of perceived media bias on the overall use of the news. It demonstrated that if there is trust in the social and citizen media, it is the positive predictor of the use of the news via social media. However, it does not affect the citizen or traditional news usage.
Second article
9).These similarities and differences suggest that there is a decrease in trust and confidence in the mainstream and citizen journalism. Overall there is a decrease in trust and credibility in news media. However, there is the contradictory evidence that there is no impact on the citizen or traditional news usage.
10).The reading broadens the concept of the conditional influence of political cynicism and media scepticism. I have developed insights into informed citizenry, as it can be assumed to provide quality information.
Second article
Housholder and LaMarre (2015)
1).Housholder and H. LaMarre, “Facebook Politics: Toward a Process Model for Achieving Political Source Credibility Through Social Media”, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 368-382, 2014.
2).I found the paper in Google Scholar by searching through terms such as, “social media”, “political campaign”, “communication”, “Facebook”, and “credibility”.
3).The paper is peer-reviewed, and I have found it by researching about the Journal of Information Technology & Politics, which is known to be the established in 2004 and quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal. Therefore, the article is tested and verified for its content.
4).The first author, Elizabeth Housholder, works in the University of Minnesota, is the PhD candidate in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication. The second author works in the Temple University as the assistant professor and has completed her PhD from Ohio State University.
6).The academic quality of the paper is very high, and the author’s credibility is evident from their qualifications and theoretical framework used in the study as well as the coherent and logical arguments used throughout the paper. The first author’s research is oriented to the field of media communication, political communication, and strategic communication and the second author is interested in political communication and the psychology of strategic policy narratives as well as public opinion. This is evidence that the authors are expert in the topic area.
7).The study is all about the rise in political campaigns with each election cycle. The question that calls for the investigation is the credibility of the politicians and how the voters assess it. This study uses the experimental data to identify the attitude role homophily and how it mediates establishment of the political candidates’ credibility among the Facebook users. As per the results, attitude homophily facilitates the relationship between the political cues and evaluations of source credibility.
8).This article is superior to the article in the journal of communication on online political information searching in Germany by Knobloch-Westerwick et al. (2015). It has emphasised on the confirmation bias, source credibility and attitude impacts. Attitude is reinforced by attitude-consistent exposure and yield confirmation bias. It does not emphasise the relationship between political cues and source credibility, but the underlying is same that is altitudinal homophily.
Third article
9).This article is different from another article I have read for this assignment by Westerman et al. (2014) in the journal of computer-mediated community. Unlike the former article, David in his article presents a perspective of the credibility of the social media information due to cognitive elaboration. It does not emphasise on the process by which the faster update is mediating the increased source credibility.
11).These similarities and difference suggest that there is a confirmation bias in following the political updates due to attitudinal similarity. It allows anyone in politics or any other field, to personalise their page as per voters interest and increase the perceived credibility. Recency of updates leads to cognitive elaboration and hence perceived credibility.
12).The readings broaden the concept of how politician enhance their perceived credibility mediated by attitudinal similarity among people and confirming to follow a group of same people on social media.
Third article
Sweetser (2010)
1).Sweetser, “A Losing Strategy: The Impact of Nondisclosure in Social Media on Relationships”, Journal of Public Relations Research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 288-312, 2010.
2).The paper was searched in the CINHAL database using the search terms “social media”, “information”, “strategy”, “campaigns”, and “communication” and search date was set between 2015-2018 to know how non-disclosure impact media relationships
3).The paper is peer-reviewed because this article is published in the Journal of Public Relations Research that is academic, quarterly peer-reviewed journal.
4).The author works at Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication, at the University of Georgia. The quality of the article shows that the author is a researcher.
5).The paper is logical, and the evidence well supports all the arguments. It is evident that the area is intensely researched and that the author is expert in the field. The data is conclusive and attention grabbing. The arguments are coherent and thus are acknowledged by a panel of experts in the same field.
6).The paper is all about the social media campaign and the role of the non-disclosure. The paper investigates the impact on perceived relational maintenance strategies in regards to these campaigns. The author explored this area using the relational theory of public relations. Using only the posttest-only experimental design, the results indicate that unethical behaviour, or the lack of disclosure damages the relationship between the organisation and public. Whether an organisation is lying or telling the truth about the viral video impacts the perceived credibility of the people. Credibility depends on the style and content of the video and if the organisation is present in the video and if the disclosure was made about the unethical campaign. If there is no disclosure, then a public relationship with a company is affected.
Fourth article
7).This paper is similar to the article on the corporate disclosure of social responsibility performance information by Islam and Deegan (2010). The article highlights that there is an association between the positive corporate social and environmental disclosures and negative media attention. More the negative image among people about the companies labour practises, more positive is the company’s disclosure about social and environmental issues to maintain a relationship with the public.
8).This paper is different to the article on “Impact of Context Collapse and Privacy on Social Network Site Disclosures” by Vitak (2012), which emphasize that the disclosure is impacted by the audience size and diversity and also with the use of the advanced privacy settings. There are various ways in which the privacy concerns impact the disclosure. The audience and disclosure can predict the bridging social capital according to the author. This article does not concern the ethical and unethical campaigns affecting the relationship with the organisation
9).The similarities and differences suggest that the public relationship with any campaign or company is linked with positive and negative disclosure as well as lack of disclosure. Other than that the social network privacy concerns greatly affects the public disclosure of information.
10).The reading has enhanced knowledge about the link between the disclosures and public relations in a social network site
Fourth article
Spence, Lachlan, Westerman and Spates (2013)
1).Spence, K. Lachlan, D. Westerman and S. Spates, “Where the Gates Matter Less: Ethnicity and Perceived Source Credibility in Social Media Health Messages”, Howard Journal of Communications, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2013.
2).The paper was searched in Cochrane, using the search terms, “social media”, “source credibility”, “communication”, “interpersonal messages”, “trust”, and “information” as I wanted to research about the impact of interpersonal contacts to trust the health information on social media.
3).The paper is peer reviewed as it is published in Journal- “The Howard Journal of Communications”. It is known as the bimonthly peer-reviewed journal.
4).The first author works at the University of Kentucky, the second one in the University of Massachusetts, the third one in West Virginia University and the fourth one in the University of Tennessee.
5).The qualifications of the researchers are not known. However, the quality of the article and peer review journal indicates the authors to be highly competent in this file. The research and methodology are convincing, and data is conclusive revealing their excellent expertise.
6).The paper is about the minority populations and mistrust of health information if the interpersonal contacts do not deliver it. Therefore, such group of the population use social media to seek health-related information, but there are differences in the perceived credibility based on the profile owner’s race and of the judge. African American avatars are more credible, but Caucasian avatars drew perceived credibility of greatest level.
Fifth article
7).This paper is similar to another article by Spence et al. (2013), I read on intercultural differences in response to health message. According to this article, when African American avatar was communicating high identity while posting about dangers of heart disease, they were found to be more credible. It triggered a significant change in behavioural intentions when compared to Caucasians who perceived African American avatar with low ethnic identity to be more credible.
8).The paper is slightly different from the paper also by Spence et al. (2013), on the impact of ethnic identity on perceptions of spokesperson credibility. The results showed that the African Americans perceive greater credibility to spokespeople with high ethnic identity and Caucasian respondent’s perceived lower credibility with spokespersons having low identity. This article did not focus on social media messages but on direct communication with people.
9).The similarities and differences suggest that credibility of the health information is perceived differently due to the difference in ethnicity. This ethnic similarity and perceived credibility is also partly similar to Housholder and LaMarre (2015) about attitudinal homophily
10).Overall this paper gives valuable insights into how ethnicity identity affects the perceiving health information to be credible.
Fifth article
1).Johnson and S. Wiedenbeck, “Enhancing Perceived Credibility of Citizen Journalism Web Sites”, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 332-348, 2009.
2).I have found the paper by searching Google Scholar and Sci-hub using the search terms “journalism”, “social media”, “credibility”, and “information” to understand reliability of citizen Journalism Web Sites.
3).The paper is peer reviewed as it is published by the Journalism & Mass Communication, quarterly. It is known for publishing papers of the original investigation and latest developments.
4).The first author is an assistant professor in the “Department of Communications” at Elizabethtown College and the second author is a professor in the “College of Information Science and Technology” at Drexel University.
5).The authors are expert in the topic area as the information in the paper is well supported by the literature. The aims and the findings are consistent, and the discussion contains coherent arguments. It proves the authors have in-depth knowledge of the subject.
6).The paper is all about the perceived credibility of the informations and stories on the citizen journalism websites. The participants were asked to rate the stories on citizen journalism websites. It was found that when the hyperlinks along with the writer’s information were given on the citizen website, then it increased the credibility is enhanced more greatly. The credibility was decreased when just the writer’s information or hyperlink was found.
7).The paper is similar to the article on the hyperlinked world by Borah (2014) that highlighted, that hyperlinks influence the perception of the individual about news credibility and information-seeking behaviour.
8).The paper is different from the article I have read about traditional reporting and citizen news by Swasy (2015). It deals with more perceived credibility among the students about the traditional journalism instead of citizen journalism. They prefer more straight news articles when compared to opinionated reports of same news.
9)The difference and similarities conclude that among other parameters one more factor is affecting the perceived credibility of the citizen journalism that is writer’s informations and hyperlinks. These details also influence the information seeking behaviour as well as perceived reliability on it. Opinionated reports are not preferred much when compared to the traditional reporting.
10)Overall these readings have enhanced my perception of how media messages and their credibility is determined by the hyperlinks and writers informations which can be applied in personal life while publishing any information or stories on citizen journal website
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