General systems management
Discuss about the Project Management for General Systems Management.
Project management is a field that mainly includes planning, processing, execution and overall management of a particular venture that has certain end goals. In addition to the main attributes of a project, there are certain other organizational factors that affect project management process. Some of these factors include systems management, risk management, organizational structure, organizational maturity and others.
In this essay, these all these factors are analysed and discussed in detail and related to project management.
General Systems Management refers to the management of various systems that consist of the entire project management system as a whole. Project management can be considered as a large system that consists of various sub systems that are to be managed separately but have the effect on the entire project as a whole. General systems management process can determine the success or failure of the project depending on the management procedures followed and used.
Some researchers define general system as a series of interlinked sub systems that are to be managed and controlled separately. However, in spite different management systems, the ultimate goal or objective is more or less the same. For example, an organization is shaped by various offices, segments, and units made out of people and gatherings which are autonomous, however cooperating to accomplish a shared objective with the point of transforming organizational vision into the real world (Joslin & Müller, 2015). Further, some researchers characterize a system as a model of an entire substance, which might be connected to human action. As for management, system just alludes to an arrangement of various free parts cooperating in interrelated way to achieve an entirety. It is with this embodiment that synergism shows up.
The organization structure is defined as a representation of the hierarchy of posts within the organization (Turner, 2016). Generally, an organization chart is shown as a flowchart with the topmost authority on the top and the lower stakeholders and positions gradually shown below in suitable order. An organization structure is an important representation that determines the processing and execution of a project. In addition, the organization structure also helps to determine a suitable stakeholder structure that should be involved in the project and how will the project governance model be developed as per the hierarchy in the organization. Without a suitable organization structure, there is not a clear idea generated regarding the available stakeholder roles and hence, conflicts might arise between the existing stakeholders, which are not desirable at any level of the entire organization hierarchy.
Organizational structure
While some organizational structures in organizations are simple enough and segregated into the specific stakeholders, some organizations have structures that are much more complex and multifold. This happens where there are several different departments with separate hierarchy structures working under the same management board / team (Abrahamsson et al., 2017). For this situation, organization may think that it is hard to accomplish some organizational destinations toward the end. In some cases, a few organizations may take after a mix of the accompanying organizational structures too. Practical structures have all the earmarks of being effective in substantial organization that produces high volumes of items at low expenses. Along these lines, management of this practical gathering turns out to be simple and successful.
Each organization needs a structure with a specific end goal to work systematically. The organizational structures can be utilized by any organization if the structure fits into the nature and the maturity of the organization (Kerzner, 2017). Much of the time, organizations develop through structures when they advance through and upgrade their processes and labor. Notwithstanding such points of interest, there can be drawback from an organizational viewpoint if the correspondence between the useful gatherings is not viable. One organization may begin as a pre-bureaucratic organization and may develop up to a network organization.
Risk management is defined as a process through which the possible risks associated with a project are identified and suitable plans are developed so that such risks are avoided at any cost (Schwalbe, 2015). Risks are parts and parcels of any project and may have to insignificant to extremely disastrous consequences in a project. Hence, it is important to identify any risk associated with the project and prepare suitable management plan for the same regardless of the nature and ultimate effect on the project. Risk management process is most common and significant in high risk projects that are being executed in spite of having high chances of facing risks. Risks can originate from vulnerability in monetary markets, venture disappointments, legitimate activities, administrative liabilities, mishaps, and cataclysmic events and also straightforward human mistake. All risks can never be completely maintained a strategic distance from or moderated basically as a result of money related and useful confinements. One common risk management technique is the use of risk register matrix that helps to determine the risks and their effects on project so that suitable mitigation plans can be developed.
Risk management
Business risks management must incorporate all budgetary, showcase misfortune and business coherence risks and also all around arranged crisis reaction intends to disastrous occasions that could influence the wellbeing and security of the workforce or open. In this manner all organizations need to acknowledge some level of lingering risks, however it is basic that all risks are separated and obviously characterized and oversaw inside budgetary and functional imperatives (Laudon & Laudon, 2016). The risks should likewise incorporate item related liabilities. Risk management and BCP are frequently erroneously observed as opponents or covering hones. Truth be told these processes are so firmly integrated that such partition appears to be manufactured. The physical resources that involve the introduced limit of plants have characteristic risks or the potential for disappointment.
Risk management has a tendency to be preemptive and must be enlarged with business progression arranging to manage the outcomes of acknowledged lingering risks. The need of business progression arranging emerges on the grounds that even impossible occasions will happen if sufficiently given time. Also, they have the potential for off-particular activity that could bring about poor item quality, bring down yield or expanded generation costs. These risks should likewise be unmistakably comprehended and figured out how to guarantee financially savvy business continuation (Nicholas & Steyn, 2017). Notwithstanding the inalienable risks of disastrous disappointment risk management should likewise think about the relative significance, e.g. criticality, of every benefit on the plant’s capacity to meet conveyance duties and the business design. This sort of risk can not be settled exclusively by applying preventive or prescient upkeep advancements.
Perfect risk management takes after a prioritization process whereby the risks with the best misfortune and the best likelihood of happening are dealt with to start with, at that point risks with bring down likelihood of event and lower misfortune are taken care of in sliding request. An excessive number of the risks are the consequence of inborn outline lacks, method of activity and working practices (Muller, 2017). In this way, risk management must address all constraining capacities and triggers that would bring about risk. By and by the process can be exceptionally troublesome, and adjusting between risks with a high likelihood of event yet bring down misfortune versus a risk with high misfortune however bring down likelihood of event can regularly be misused. For instance, a risk concerning the picture of the organization ought to have top management choice behind it though data innovation management would have the expert to settle on computer infection risks. To make a powerful risk management design, it is expected to choose fitting controls or countermeasures to gauge each risk. Risk relief should be affirmed by the proper level of management.
Portfolio management
The risk management design ought to propose material and successful security controls for dealing with the risks. For instance, a watched high risk of computer infections could be relieved by obtaining and executing antivirus software. The best way to deal with risk management is to coordinate all features into a solitary, sensible process in which parts, duties, desires and single-point responsibility are plainly characterized (Špundak, 2014). A decent risk management design ought to contain a calendar for control execution and dependable people for those activities. At long last, risk management is multi-dimensional and requires the immediate help of most business and plant capacities, and also the whole workforce. For instance, Environmental, Health and Safety may hold the obligation regarding administrative consistence, word related wellbeing and security, and so on yet a focal capacity, more often than not unwavering quality engineering, has single-point responsibility for the general risk management process.
Portfolio management is process of managing investments in a project, making suitable decisions regarding the allocation of assets within the stakeholder group, creating a balance between risk and performance and others (Serrador & Pinto, 2015). In other words, portfolio management is used to determine and manage several organizational aspects that are not directly involved in the project but have significant impact and control factor on the project. For instance, portfolio management is used to determine the organizational strength that is not directly involved in the project. However, the overall organizational strength do help to determine the overall performance of the project as well as how it will be managed and how much investment will be done in the project is order to drive it towards completion.
In this investigation, Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) was utilized to evaluate organizational maturity. CMMI is a gathering of best techniques which causes organizations to recognize basic issues and prerequisites for organizational maturity to expand adequacy of their processes. Evaluating the present circumstance of an organization gives chiefs an unmistakable picture of future development way as a reason for expanding the level of organizational maturity (Hornstein, 2015). Organizational maturity is the capacity to keep up and grow long haul accomplishments and proceeded with fulfillment of all partners. By surveying the organizational maturity, the organizational structure, techniques and processes can be refreshed and rearranged. Notwithstanding, organizational maturity must be surveyed in a particular and restricted territory as far as relations between the processes as to related exercises.
Evaluating the present circumstance of an organization furnishes directors with a reasonable picture of future development way as a reason for expanding the level of organizational maturity. In this examination, Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) was utilized to survey organizational maturity. CMMI is an accumulation of best techniques which encourages organizations to distinguish basic issues and necessities for organizational maturity to build viability of their processes. Organizational maturity is the capacity to keep up and extend long haul accomplishments and proceeded with fulfillment of all partners.
By surveying the organizational maturity, the organizational structure, techniques and processes can be refreshed and disentangled. Nevertheless, organizational maturity must be surveyed in a particular and restricted region as far as relations between the processes as to related exercises. It is not so easy to build up a develop organization or to advance toward maturity, however it requires watchful arranging and a long haul procedure. Today, driving organizations give careful consideration to the idea of maturity (Ashkanasy, Härtel & Zerbe, 2016). To put an organization on the way of nonstop change, it should demand maturity at individual, processes and organizational levels. Subsequently, appraisal of organizational maturity is a successful and solid strategy for proficient management of organizations. With develop processes, pointers of organizational maturity can be produced. By deciding the organizational maturity level, organizations will have the capacity to distinguish their qualities and shortcomings to create systems proper to their level of organizational maturity. The process maturity can be utilized to refresh, disentangle and lithe structures, strategies and processes to increment organizational versatility.
Conclusion
Some of the major organizational factors regarding project management are discussed. These factors are not directly associated with the core project management processes but are considered very important for project because changes in any of these factors can cause significant changes in the project management process.
References
Abrahamsson, P., Salo, O., Ronkainen, J., & Warsta, J. (2017). Agile software development methods: Review and analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.08439.
Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E., & Zerbe, W. J. (2016). Introduction. In Emotions and Organizational Governance (pp. xvii-xviii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Haimes, Y. Y. (2015). Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley & Sons.
Hornstein, H. A. (2015). The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), 291-298.
Joslin, R., & Müller, R. (2015). Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts. International Journal of Project Management, 33(6), 1377-1392.
Kerzner, H. (2017). Project management metrics, KPIs, and dashboards: a guide to measuring and monitoring project performance. John Wiley & Sons.
Kerzner, H., & Kerzner, H. R. (2017). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2016). Management information system. Pearson Education India.
Muller, R. (2017). Project governance. Routledge.
Nicholas, J. M., & Steyn, H. (2017). Project management for engineering, business and technology. Taylor & Francis.
Sánchez, M. A. (2015). Integrating sustainability issues into project management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 96, 319-330.
Schwalbe, K. (2015). Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.
Serrador, P., & Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?—A quantitative analysis of agile project success. International Journal of Project Management, 33(5), 1040-1051.
Špundak, M. (2014). Mixed agile/traditional project management methodology–reality or illusion?. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119, 939-948.
Svejvig, P., & Andersen, P. (2015). Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), 278-290.
Turner, R. (2016). Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.
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