Fundamental Concepts And Techniques Of Data Analytics For Effective Data Analysis

Learning Outcomes

Answer:

This research revolves around the discrimination and their relationship with education and job opportunities. In general, discrimination refers to an unfavorable treatment of an individual in the public area of the life of public, because of the individual’s personal attributes. For instance, discrimination occurs based on the gender, race, age, and disability. There are various Acts which address the direct and indirect discriminations at work place. Similarly, one example includes, the EO Act 2010. The direct discrimination refers to a situation, when an individual treats another individual with a protected attribute unfavourably. Whereas, the indirect discrimination refers to a cases, where an individual imposes unreasonable requirement, condition or practice which can have impact on the individual (Equal Opportunity, Discrimination and Harassment, 2018). 

Here, education refers to the educational organizations and their student’s outcome on studies, due to discrimination. Whereas, the job opportunities refer to corporate organizations and their employee’s impact, due to discrimination.   

The problem of this project includes, to determine the relation of education and job opportunities with discrimination. This is a serious problem which need to be addressed, to save the adolescence, youngsters and employees at work.

Hence, the objective of this report is to determine whether education and job opportunities are positively or negatively related to discrimination. An appropriate research methodology will be selected to carry out the research work.

The aim of this research is to find the relationship of education and job opportunities with discrimination.

This section reviews various research papers to find the relationships between the independent and the dependent variables. The dependent variable is discrimination and the independent variables are, education and job opportunities.

Figure: Conceptual Framework

With respect to the interdependence of discrimination and education the research advocates as follows.

According to National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux, it is observed that, various discriminations exist in education such as related to, gender, disability, marriage, pregnancy, race, civil partnership, religion and sexual orientations (Citizensadvice.org.uk, 2018).

As per Yuk Ching Pang, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health’s data are used to examine the adolescents and their families, where the research extended with the examination of relationship between discrimination, economic pressure, depressive symptoms and educational attainment using a national representative, multiethnic sample. The results have shown negative impact of racial discrimination and economic stress in the education / academic results of an individual (Pang, 2015).

Two models were tested, where the Latina/o students’ school partially resolved the relationship between barriers and thoughts to drop out from high school (i.e., the discrimination experiences and educational barriers at school). The hierarchical regression showed connection in terms of discrimination experiences, educational barriers (McWhirter, Garcia and Bines, 2017).

A study conducted by Mozhgan Ghaffarzadeh states that race, gender, age, financial status, social class etc., are the discriminations in education. The discrimination lead to stress in the individuals, which related with the threats or criticism by teachers and others in school.  (Ghaffarzadeh, 2016).

Aim

From the research, theory and policy literature on race, class and gender discrimination in education, the researcher Stuart Tannock has observed extensive discrimination in education. From the data of schools, state and media it is proclaimed that inequality exists and it is ridiculous, which results in injustice (Tannock, 2008).

Based on the above correlation between discrimination and education, the initial research hypothesis is determined and presented below.  

Hypothesis 1: Education is positively related to discrimination.

Next, with respect to the interdependence of discrimination and job opportunities the research advocates the following.

A discrimination study by, (Jang, Chiriboga, & Small, 2008; Miller & Kaiser, 2001) noted that, the discrimination induces stress, prevents accessing the opportunities and impacts on the interpersonal relationships. The research on the discrimination against gays and lesbians in the workplace was conducted and showed that despite of effective rights and policies, the coworkers and unsupportive management resulted in discrimination harming the access to job opportunities (Marafuga et al., 2017).

The meta-analysis and two complementary empirical studies were conducted, to show a relative deprivation theory, for examining the relationship between the employees’ perceptions on gender discrimination and results, at work. When it comes to gender discrimination, the results showed extreme impact on the employees at workplace (Triana et al., 2018).

Thus, based on the above correlation between the discrimination and education, the next research hypothesis is determined and presented below.  

Hypothesis 2: Job opportunities are positively related to discrimination.

For any research work or taking the business decisions, gathering information or data is the major task, as it helps to take better decisions. The methodology comprises of publication research, surveys, interviews and various other research methods.

For data collection, the quantitative research method is utilized. Because, this method looks for measurable and observable data on the variables. Additionally, it takes the secondary data and surveys, where the samples of individuals or organizations could be selected for ensuring the accurate results. This method’s strengths are, it helps to have a broader study and allows result generalization. However, the weaknesses of this method is, it is difficult to collect various information via, structured data collection instruments, especially on the sensitive topics. Moreover, the self-reported information gathered from the questionnaires might be incomplete or inaccurate. The quantitative research method refers to asking particular narrow questions to the participants, the responses of the participants are collected as data, this data is analyzed with statistics and mainly the inquiry is objective based and unbiased. The data is collected from an authentic source. Both primary and secondary data types are used. The dependent variable of this study is, Discrimination and the independent variables are, Education and Job Opportunities. Thus, there search methodology considered for this research is quantitative research method.

It is based on the deductive method using European social survey at wave. Here, the deductive approach is implemented to develop the research hypothesis, depending on the existing theory, and designs there search strategy for testing the hypothesis.

As a whole, the qualitative research method compares the results with the earlier predictions and previous researches.

Conceptual Framework

The following section describes all the details related to the statistical assumptions and analysis. The collected data is gathered for the analysis, to interpret the data.  The results will be represented in the form of tables and graphs. Prior to the commencement of statistical data analysis, the data is tested to have linearity, normality, homoscedasticity and multicollinearity. Respectively, the histogram was utilized for the test. Further, the stated hypotheses are tested.  

Here, the determination of relation of education and job opportunities with discrimination by using the provided data is presented. The independent and dependent variables statistics information are discussed below.

The descriptive statistics is used to observe the mean and standard deviation for the dependent and independent variables. For Discrimination of respondent’s group: nationality, it has Mean as 0.02 and standard deviation as 0.125. For the highest level of education, it has Mean as 333.92 and standard deviation as 318.227.  For, Ever had a paid job, it has Mean as 1.18 and standard deviation as 0.383.

The descriptive analysis plays a significant role to help in determining the distribution’s normality. 

The descriptive statistics is used to observe the mean and standard deviation for the dependent and independent variables. For, Discrimination of respondent’s group: nationality, it has Mean as 0.02 and standard deviation as 0.125. For highest level of education, it has Mean as 333.92 and standard deviation as 318.227. For, Ever had a paid job, it has Mean as 1.18 and standard deviation as 0.383.

The correlation analysis refers to a statistical evaluation method, which is utilized for studying the relationship’s strength, between two, numerically measured, continuous variables (Djsresearch.co.uk, 2018). In correlation analysis, a sample correlation coefficient is estimated (i.e., the Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient is estimated). The sample correlation coefficient is denoted by “r”(Sphweb.bumc.bu.edu, 2013).The dependent variable and the independent variable are used in the correlation analysis (Business Jargons, 2017).

The correlation between Discrimination, Education and Job Opportunities are presented below (Dalinina, 2017). Where, the correlation coefficients help to see the connection of the two values (American Nurse Today, 2011).

The regression analysis refers to a statistical technique that is utilized for finding connection among two or more variables. Generally, the regression analysis there exists an independent variable whose impact on the other dependent variables can be measured. In case, where just a single dependent variable and independent variable is present, then it is known as simple regression (Newgenapps.com, 2017).

Conclusion

The section represents all the results and related discussions of the conducted study.

The aim of this research includes, finding the relationship of education and job opportunities with discrimination.

In all the fields, each individual has a right to, equality to opportunity. It is a fact that diversity is present in all the places such as, schools, colleges and work places. There are people who are stereotype and who discriminate in the educational organizations like, schools, colleges and in the corporate organizations with respect to recruitment of candidates. This is a fact which can’t be changed. Despite of the understanding of the organization on diversity, rather than valuing they neglect it based on discriminations. Thus, it is necessary that the organizations must work on taking benefits of diversity and value each other, this can discard the discriminations, either at the educational organization or the corporate organizations.

The utilized research method for this research work is quantitative research method, due to its generalizing feature, and characteristics of seeking measurable and observable data. The statistical assumptions are made, the hypotheses are determined and tested. The research also completes descriptive analysis, regression and correlation.

It is concluded that, the appropriate data structures the analysis are discussed, followed by identifying the data analysis tool for planning and implementing the analysis on a specific research data, then the statistical models are built for data analysis and reflects the analysis results in the form of tables and graphs.

Finally, the summary of this research includes that, Education and Job opportunities are positively related to discrimination.

References

American Nurse Today. (2011). Understanding correlation analysis. [online] Available at: https://www.americannursetoday.com/understanding-correlation-analysis/ [Accessed 14 Dec. 2018].

Business Jargons. (2017). What is Correlation Analysis?. [online] Available at: https://businessjargons.com/correlation-analysis.html [Accessed 14 Dec. 2018].

Citizensadvice.org.uk. (2018). Overview of discrimination in education. [online] Available at: https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/family/education/discrimination-in-education/overview-of-discrimination-in-education/ [Accessed 14 Dec. 2018].

Dalinina, R. (2017). Introduction to Correlation. [online] Datascience.com. Available at: https://www.datascience.com/blog/introduction-to-correlation-learn-data-science-tutorials [Accessed 14 Dec. 2018].

Djsresearch.co.uk. (2018). Correlation Analysis – Market Research. [online] Available at: https://www.djsresearch.co.uk/glossary/item/correlation-analysis-market-research [Accessed 14 Dec. 2018].

Equal Opportunity, Discrimination and Harassment. (2018). Victoria State Government. [online] Available at: https://www.education.vic.gov.au/hrweb/ Documents/Equal-Opportunity-Discrimination-and-Harassment.pdf [Accessed 14 Dec. 2018].

Ghaffarzadeh, M. (2016). A Comparative Study of Discrimination in Education: The Learning Environment and Behaviours of Students and Teachers in Iran. IAFOR Journal of Education, 4(2).

Marafuga, A., DiDona, T., Paradas, J., Cortes, A. and Perera, M. (2017). Employee Perceptions in the Workplace: Discrimination, Work Motivation, Teamwork/Citizenship, and Locus of Control. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 7(12).

McWhirter, E., Garcia, E. and Bines, D. (2017). Discrimination and Other Education Barriers, School Connectedness, and Thoughts of Dropping Out Among Latina/o Students. Journal of Career Development, 45(4), pp.330-344.

Newgenapps.com. (2017). 5 Applications of Regression Analysis in Business. [online] Available at: https://www.newgenapps.com/blog/business-applications-uses-regression-analysis-advantages [Accessed 14 Dec. 2018].

Pang, Y. (2015). The relationship between perceived discrimination, economic pressure, depressive symptoms, and educational attainment of ethnic minority emerging adults: the moderating role of school connectedness during adolescence. Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations.

Sphweb.bumc.bu.edu. (2013). Introduction to Correlation and Regression Analysis. [online] Available at: https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/BS/BS704_Multivariable/BS704_Multivariable5.html [Accessed 14 Dec. 2018].

Tannock, S. (2008). The problem of education?based discrimination. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29(5), pp.439-449.

Triana, M., Jayasinghe, M., Pieper, J., Delgado, D. and Li, M. (2018). Perceived Workplace Gender Discrimination and Employee Consequences: A Meta-Analysis and Complementary Studies Considering Country Context. Journal of Management, p.014920631877677.

Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:

Turnitin Report

Formatting

Title Page

Citation

Outline

Place an Order