Introduction to the Study
Question:
Write about the Computer Information System for Education.
Emerging changes in computer science has brought in past thirty years that result several changes in social life. There are several fields where computer becomes one of essential elements used such as government, banking, education, law enforcement as well as in commercial sectors. Present study deals with the historical overview of computing. Definition of green computing and the reasons for suffering from von Neumann bottleneck are described in the study. In addition, the reasons behind of stating Java as compiled and interpreted language are discussed in the study. Moreover, the causes for avoiding the assembly language in order to develop general application are discussed in the study along with difference of direct access memory from I/O controlling system.
Green computing is generally responsible for environment as well as eco-friendly usage of the computers and their resources. In addition, in broader aspect, it is defined as the study of making design as well as manufacturing along with engineering. Utilizing as well as disposing of the computing device in such way minimizes impact on the environment (Gai et al. 2016). There are several IT manufactures as well as vendors constantly investing in designing of the devices that are energy efficient. In addition, minimizing the utilization of dangerous materials as well as encouraging recyclability of digital devices and paper. The practices of green computing introduce in 1992 at the time of launching Environmental Protection Agency. Green computing is called as the green information technology.
Green computing has aimed to meet the economic viability along make improvement in the method of the computing devices which are used. In addition, practices of green computing include the development of environmentally friendly for sustainable practices for production. The energy efficient computers and enhanced things of disposal along with process of recycling are included in that. In order to promote green computing concepts in every possible aspect, the complementary approaches can be employed. Green use reduces consumption of electricity of the computers as well as their peripheral devices and utilizing them in eco-friendly manner (Jain et al. 2013). On the other hand, green disposal is repurposing existing system or properly disposing of recycling and unwanted electronic equipments. Wadhwa and Verma (2014) stated that green design is useful for designing energy efficient computers and servers, printers and projectors. Green manufacturing reduces wastes at the time of manufacturing of the computes as well as different subsystems in order to minimize impact of the impact for these activities.
The von Neumann bottleneck is a limitation on the throughput, which is caused by standard personal computer architecture. In early days, computers were fed programs as well as data in order to process at the time of running. Von Neumann has brought an idea for the stored program computer as well as standard model that are called as von Neumann architecture. In this particular architecture, the programs and data are held in the specified memory (Hur & Kvatinsky, 2016). Along with this, processor and memory is differentiated and data moves between them. In addition, in the present days, the processors have speeds in the increased way. Enhancement in different way helps to make density of the ability in order to store more data in less space. The processor has spent growing amount of making time idle and waiting for data that are integrated in the time table. On the other hand, the effect is limited and spent in the form of the way.
What is Green Computing?
Kernighan (2017) commented that the von Neumann bottleneck needs to be considered as a problem, which can overcome by making important changes to the computer or architecture of the processor. The approaches for overcoming von Neuman bottleneck include caching which stores frequently used data. It is important to make data into the cache before requesting to speed access of the event (Bao & Wang, 2017). Multithreading requests is separated through making the system in rising edge as potentially double output. There is a memory subsystem that consists of RAM and RAM controller.
Java implementations are generally used in two step process of compilation. Source code of Java is generally compiled down to the byte code with assistance of Java compiler. The byte code is generally have execution by Java virtual machine (Null & Lobur, 2014). The modern JVMs utilize technique that is called as Just in time compilation in order to compiler byte code to the native instructions, which are understood through hardware CPU on fly at the runtime.
Some of the implementations of java virtual machine select to make interpretation of the byte code instead of compiling it to the machine code along with running directly. However, considering as interpreter is quire distinctive form the interpreters, which are read as well as execute high level source code. In this specific case, java source code is not usually interpreted in direct way. On the other hand, it is technically possible in order to compile Java down to the native code that is ahead of time as well as run on the resulting binary. Neumann & Leis (2014) stated that it is possible to make interpretation of the java code directly. In order to summarize the process, depending on the environment of execution, the byte code can be compiled ahead of time and make execution as the native code. These are usually compiled just in time as well as executed. These are executed through supported processor as the native instruction set of some of the CPUs.
Assembly language is one of the difficult coding languages that are used for application development. It does not contain several tools and processes as well as language inbuilt functions in order to develop programs. It is old technology for comparing with the current technology. In addition, it is difficult to maintain and update to the client as well as easy for development of web desk applications in easy way. Hence, assembly language is avoided for general development of application (Dean et al. 2014). There are fewer circumstances assembly language is preferred. As assembly language is usually low level language, it is directly correlated with the machine instructions.
In addition, assembly language has limited set of the mnemonic codes, which can be compared to high level for language instructions. In addition, it is a low level language or machine dependent language. In order to understand the use of this language, user needs to know about hardware of the system (Schuster et al. 2015). Along with these, it requires more practice for becoming master in the particular assembly language. Moreover, assembly language is not user friendly language. Therefore, it is not easy to develop application with the help of this language. The user also requires giving more time for coding. Hence, assembly language is avoided.
Green Computing Practices
The programmed I/O is referred as transferring data that is initiated by central processing unit under the control of driver software in order to access the registers on the device. The central processing unit makes issues with commands and after that it waits for input/output operations for completion of the process. As the central processing unit is faster than the module of input/output module, the issues along with programmed I/O in the CPU that needs to wait for long time (Ling, Lee & Hyeon, 2015). On the other hand, I/O module of the concerned program needs to be ready for reception as well as transmission of data. Central processing unit need to wait and repeatedly check the I/O module status. This particular procedure in called as polling. It results performance of every system, is degraded severely of the particular level. In addition, the programmed I/O usually works in several ways.
The central processing unit requests for operation in input/output functions. On the other hand, I/O module needs to perform the operations. The module of input/output sets the status bits and control processing unit tests the status bits in periodic way. Moreover, I/O module does not interrupt with central processing unit. The issues of central processing unit command t to the module of I/O and after that it precedes with the normal work until it is interrupted the central processing unit of the system (Brenner et al. 2014). Proper actions are required to perform depended on the devices of I/O ports and mapping of memory. Interruption of CPU needs to wait for devices. However, it is still not efficient in transferring of data.
Conclusion
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that historical overview of computer is important in order to be familiar with the computer technology. The terminologies used in the present study would be helpful to get understood with those. In addition, discussion of green computing would be helpful to get to know about the green computing. The von Neumann architecture is crucial for understating the bottlenecks for using the architecture. Along with these, features of Java and the reasons for avoiding assembly language for general application development would be useful to get knowledge regarding application development process.
References
Bao, Y. G., & Wang, S. (2017). Labeled von Neumann architecture for software-defined cloud. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 32(2), 219-223.
Brenner, C. M., Robinson, A. P. L., Markey, K., Scott, R. H. H., Gray, R. J., Rosinski, M., … & Hassan, S. M. (2014). High energy conversion efficiency in laser-proton acceleration by controlling laser-energy deposition onto thin foil targets. Applied Physics Letters, 104(8), 081123.
Dean, D. J., Nguyen, H., Gu, X., Zhang, H., Rhee, J., Arora, N., & Jiang, G. (2014, November). Perfscope: Practical online server performance bug inference in production cloud computing infrastructures. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (pp. 1-13). ACM.
Gai, K., Qiu, M., Zhao, H., Tao, L., & Zong, Z. (2016). Dynamic energy-aware cloudlet-based mobile cloud computing model for green computing. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 59, 46-54.
Hur, R. B., & Kvatinsky, S. (2016, July). Memory Processing Unit for in-memory processing. In Nanoscale Architectures (NANOARCH), 2016 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on (pp. 171-172). IEEE.
Jain, A., Mishra, M., Peddoju, S. K., & Jain, N. (2013, April). Energy efficient computing-green cloud computing. In Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS), 2013 International Conference on (pp. 978-982). IEEE.
Kernighan, B. W. (2017). Understanding the Digital World: What You Need to Know about Computers, the Internet, Privacy, and Security. Princeton University Press.
Ling, D., Lee, N., & Hyeon, T. (2015). Chemical synthesis and assembly of uniformly sized iron oxide nanoparticles for medical applications. Accounts of chemical research, 48(5), 1276-1285.
Neumann, T., & Leis, V. (2014). Compiling Database Queries into Machine Code. IEEE Data Eng. Bull., 37(1), 3-11.
Null, L., & Lobur, J. (2014). The essentials of computer organization and architecture. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Schuster, F., Tendyck, T., Liebchen, C., Davi, L., Sadeghi, A. R., & Holz, T. (2015, May). Counterfeit object-oriented programming: On the difficulty of preventing code reuse attacks in C++ applications. In Security and Privacy (SP), 2015 IEEE Symposium on (pp. 745-762). IEEE.
Wadhwa, B., & Verma, A. (2014, March). Energy saving approaches for green cloud computing: a review. In Engineering and Computational Sciences (RAECS), 2014 Recent Advances in (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
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